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61.
文章通过对西安市规制生活垃圾法律规章的认识以及对处理垃圾现状的调查,由小及大地分析了在各地法律规章中普遍存在的弊端,大胆提出了未来法律规章应当遵循的立法原则以及应当建立的法律制度。并且希望垃圾分装、统一收购、奖惩并举和调动个人与社会力量参与处理生活垃圾的主张能对未来立法有所裨益。  相似文献   
62.
集装箱在海铁联运过程中容易受到各种不确定因素的影响, 导致运输时间波动, 进而影响货物的送达准点率。为有效降低不确定运输时间的影响, 兼顾运输过程的经济性和绿色可持续性优化集装箱海铁联运箱流径路。采用随机机会约束规划构建运输总费用最少和碳排放量最低的多目标模型。在约束条件中引入铁路和海洋期望运到时间, 并对超过期望运到时间的径路进行惩罚处理, 保证运输径路的优越性。考虑一站直达和中转换装这2种运输组织模式, 克服现有研究未考虑货源是否充足的缺陷。运用不确定及概率论相关理论知识将不确定约束转化为线性约束。以西安至洛杉矶的集装箱货物出口径路优化为案例背景, 采用NSGA-Ⅱ算法求解, 并通过贪心算法改进初始化种群以及基于logistics分布的概率选择算子改进精英选择算子。通过对比分析得到以下结果: ①算法优化后运输总费用减少23.15万美元, 碳排放减少6.69 t, 同时算法求解速度提高了75.36%;②将本文模型选用的随机规划和模糊规划进行对比, 发现随机规划解集数量多于模糊规划, 且二者在相同输送径路中的运输总费用和碳排放量均优化了10.65%。因此本文模型和算法具有良好的优化效果。进行灵敏度分析, 观察置信水平以及时间影响系数对目标函数和货物送达准点率的影响。结果表明: ①较高的铁路和海洋运输置信水平会提高货物的运输总费用。②时间影响系数和货物送达准点率呈负相关, 影响系数越大货物送达准点率越低。  相似文献   
63.
货车是我国大气环境污染的重要来源之一,也是影响我国碳达峰总体目标实现的重要因 素。本文从货车运营环节入手,在运用生长曲线函数对货车保有量进行预测的基础上,对不同类 型货车的保有量和单车碳排放变化进行研究,并从货车节能技术发展、新能源货车推广和应用进 程两方面入手,分3种情景对货车运营环节中产生的碳排放总量趋势进行预判,推演货车运营环 节的碳达峰时间。研究结果表明,只有同时加快货车节能技术发展以及新能源货车推广和应用 进程,货车运营环节中产生的碳排放总量规模才能得到有效抑制并逐渐减少。若到 2030 年货 车单车燃料消耗水平较 2019 年降低 20%以上,新能源货车在货车整体保有量中的占比达到 20%,到 2060 年货车单车燃料消耗水平较 2019 年降低 50%,新能源货车占比达到 50%,则货车 运营环节碳达峰时间将缩短至2030年左右实现,2030年后货车运营环节产生的碳排放总量规 模将逐渐减少。  相似文献   
64.
This paper suggests a methodological approach for the forecasting of marine fuel prices. The prediction of the bunker prices is of outmost importance for operators, as bunker prices affect heavily the economic planning and financial viability of ventures and determine decisions related to compliance with regulations. A multivariate nonstationary stochastic model available in the literature is being retrieved, after appropriate adjustment and testing. The model belongs to the class of periodically correlated stochastic processes with annual periodic components. The time series are appropriately transformed to become Gaussian, and then are decomposed to deterministic seasonal characteristics (mean value and standard deviation) and a residual time series. The residual part is proved to be stationary and then is modeled as a Vector AutoRegressive Mooving Average (VARMA) process. Finally, using the methodology presented, forecasts of a tetra-variate and an octa-variate time series of bunker prices are produced and are in good agreement with actual values. The obtained results encourages further research and deeper investigation of the driving characters of the multivariate time series of bunker prices.  相似文献   
65.
The application of public–private partnerships (P3’s) in the transportation sector has grown in popularity worldwide. Despite this important shift in the provision of transportation service, there are clear gaps in knowledge about the impacts of P3 projects, especially on emissions from transportation systems as a whole. Not only should policy makers evaluate the emissions impacts from P3 projects, but they should also think about innovative models that address or charge for emissions into P3 contracts. This addition to P3 contracts could provide a new solution to the long-existing property right paradox: who owns (is responsible for) emissions from transportation systems? This study attempts to fill the research gap by analyzing these innovative models. Using the road network of Fresno, California, as our case study, we offer a number of interesting insights for policy makers. First, average peak emissions costs range from 1.37 cents per mile (the do-nothing case) to 1.20 cents per mile (profit-maximizing cases) per vehicle. Although emissions costs from the P3 projects are lowest for the profit-maximizing cases, the system-wide emissions costs of these cases are highest because of spillover effects. Second, charging project owners for the emissions costs of P3 projects is not an effective way to reduce emissions or the total costs of travel, especially on a VMT basis. Instead, the public sector should implement emissions-included social cost-based price ceilings. When employing these limits, project owners could still be charged for the emissions costs. Finally, using total travel time as the only objective function for evaluating P3 projects can be misleading. Several P3 projects have shown better outcomes using total travel cost with the inclusion of emissions and fuel consumption costs, instead of using total travel time as the only objective function.  相似文献   
66.
To support the development of policies that reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by encouraging reduced travel and increased use of efficient transportation modes, it is necessary to better understand the explanatory effects that transportation, population density, and policy variables have on passenger travel related CO2 emissions. This study presents the development of a model of CO2 emissions per capita as a function of various explanatory variables using data on 146 urbanized areas in the United States. The model takes into account selectivity bias resulting from the fact that adopting policies aimed at reducing emissions in an urbanized area may be partly driven by the presence of environmental concerns in that area. The results indicate that population density, transit share, freeway lane-miles per capita, private vehicle occupancy, and average travel time have a statistically significant explanatory effect on passenger travel related CO2 emissions. In addition, the presence of automobile emissions inspection programs, which serves as a proxy indicator of other policies addressing environmental concerns and which could influence travelers in making environmentally favorable travel choices, markedly changes the manner in which transportation variables explain CO2 emission levels.  相似文献   
67.
ABSTRACT

This paper investigates strategies that could achieve an 80% reduction in transportation emissions from current levels by 2050 in the City of Philadelphia. The baseline daily lifecycle emissions generated by road transportation in the Greater Philadelphia Region in 2012 were quantified using trip information from the 2012 Household Travel Survey (HTS). Emissions were projected to the year 2050 accounting for population growth and trends in vehicle technology for both the Greater Philadelphia Region and the City of Philadelphia. The impacts of vehicle technology and shifts in travel modes on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2050 were quantified using a scenario approach. The analysis of 12 different scenarios suggests that 80% reduction in emissions is technically feasible through a combination of active transportation, cleaner fuels for public transit vehicles, and a significant market penetration of battery-electric vehicles. The additional electricity demand associated with greater use of electric vehicles could amount to 10.8 TWh/year. The use of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) shows promising results due to high reductions in GHG emissions at a potentially manageable cost.  相似文献   
68.
The health cost of on-road air pollution exposure is a component of traffic marginal costs that has not previously been assessed. The main objective of this paper is to introduce on-road pollution exposure as an externality of traffic, particularly important during traffic congestion when on-road pollution exposure is highest. Marginal private and external cost equations are developed that include on-road pollution exposure in addition to time, fuel, and pollution emissions components. The marginal external cost of on-road exposure includes terms for the marginal vehicle’s emissions, the increased emissions from all vehicles caused by additional congestion from the marginal vehicle, and the additional exposure duration for all travelers caused by additional congestion from the marginal vehicle. A sensitivity analysis shows that on-road pollution exposure can be a large portion (18%) of marginal social costs of traffic flow near freeway capacity, ranging from 4% to 38% with different exposure parameters. In an optimal pricing scenario, excluding the on-road exposure externality can lead to 6% residual welfare loss because of sub-optimal tolls. While regional pollution generates greater costs in uncongested conditions, on-road exposure comes to dominate health costs on congested freeways because of increased duration and intensity of exposure. The estimated marginal cost and benefit curves indicate a theoretical preference for price controls to address the externality problem. The inclusion of on-road exposure costs reduces the magnitudes of projects required to cover implementation costs for intelligent transportation system (ITS) improvements; the net benefits of road-pricing ITS systems are increased more than the net benefits of ITS traffic flow improvements. When considering distinct vehicle classes, inclusion of on-road exposure costs greatly increases heavy-duty vehicle marginal costs because of their higher emissions rates and greater roadway capacity utilization. Lastly, there are large uncertainties associated with the parameters utilized in the estimation of health outcomes that are a function of travel pollution intensity and duration. More research is needed to develop on-road exposure modeling tools that link repeated short-duration exposure and health outcomes.  相似文献   
69.
This paper offers an exploratory study of sustainable facility location. The methodology, based on the classical uncapacitated facility location problem, provides decision makers with a multi-objective optimization model to determine the trade-off among economic, service and environmental considerations. Our results indicate that it may be desirable to open more facilities than optimal from a narrow economic perspective to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions of transport and to improve service reliability.  相似文献   
70.
The paper evaluates the effectiveness of various traffic calming measures from the perspectives of traffic performance and safety, and environmental and public health impacts. The proposed framework was applied to four calming measures – two types of speed humps, speed tables, and chicanes – to demonstrate its usefulness and applicability. A field experiment using probe vehicles equipped with global positioning system devices was conducted to obtain vehicle trajectory data for use in more realistic simulations. In addition, a recently developed vehicle emissions model was used for more accurate evaluation of environmental and public health impacts. The results show that chicane is better than the other types of traffic calming measures considered, except in terms of vehicle emissions.  相似文献   
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