早期汽车设计驾驶人模型回顾

系统回顾了早期汽车驾驶人模型的发展与演变,根据驾驶人模型的设计理论和研究方法,将驾驶人模型分为方向控制驾驶人模型、STI模型、预期开环控制模型、双模式模型以及其他种类的模型,其中方向控制驾驶人模型又可分为预瞄驾驶人模型和线性状态变量控制模型。综述了上述各类汽车驾驶人模型的研究过程,分析论述了早期汽车驾驶人模型的结构特点,总结了各类驾驶人模型存在的不足,提出了驾驶人模型发展的新方向。     

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黄灯政策问题已成为道路交通安全领域的研究热点.本文开发了基于视频处理技术的交叉口检测系统,自动采集黄灯期间的交通数据,包括黄灯启亮时车辆到停止线距离、速度、加速度和黄灯结束后车辆的通过情况,建立黄灯期间的驾驶员“停车/行进”决策行为模型和“抢黄灯”行为结果模型.利用北京市“闹市口大街—宣武门西大街”和“中关村东路—成府路”的视频数据对模型进行检验,两个模型的预测结果与实际观测误差分别为8.6%和2.5%.实验结果表明,视频检测技术和驾驶员行为模型能够应用于交叉口的控制管理,本文提出的模型与方法可为相应交通管理措施的制定和实施提供技术支持和理论依据.     

A structural and empirical model of subsistence activity behavior and income

This paper develops a structural and empirical model of subsistence activity behavior and income. Subsistence activity decisions (work participation and hours of work decisions) and income have an important bearing on activity and travel behavior of individuals. The proposed structural model represents an effort to analyze subsistence activity behavior and income earnings to support a better understanding, and reliable forecasting, of individual travel behavior. The empirical model formulates and estimates an integrated model of employment, hours of work and income which takes account of interdependencies among these choices and their structural relationships with other relevant variables. Social factors that inhibit an individual's employment and work hours decision and affect an individual's income are incorporated in the model. A sample of households from the Dutch National Mobility Panel is used in the empirical analysis.     

Representing mental maps and cognitive learning in micro-simulation models of activity-travel choice dynamics

This paper develops a model, based on Bayesian beliefs networks, for representing mental maps and cognitive learning into micro-simulation models of activity-travel behavior. Mental maps can be used to address the problem that choice sets in models of travel demand are often ad hoc specified. The theory underlying the model is discussed, a specification is derived and numerical simulation is used to illustrate the properties of the model.     

Rural mobility and mode choice: Evidence from the 2001 National Household Travel Survey

This article uses data from the 2001 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) to compare travel behavior in rural and urban areas of the U.S. As expected, the car is the overwhelmingly dominant mode of travel. Over 97% of rural households own at least one car vs. 92% of urban households; 91% of trips are made by car in rural areas vs. 86% in urban areas. Regardless of age, income, and race, almost everyone in rural areas relies on the private car for most travel needs. Mobility levels in rural areas are generally higher than in urban areas. That results from the more dispersed residences and activity sites in rural areas, which increase trip distances and force reliance on the car. Somewhat surprisingly, the rural elderly and poor are considerably more mobile than their urban counterparts, and their mobility deficit compared to the rural population average is strikingly less than for the urban elderly and poor compared to the urban average. Data limitations prevented a measurement of accessibility, however, and it seems likely that rural areas, by their very nature, are less accessible than urban areas, especially for the small percentage of car-less poor and elderly households.     

Impacts of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) on time use and travel behavior: a structural equations analysis

The objective of this paper is to contribute an empirical study to the literature on transportation impacts of Information and Communications Technologies (ICT). The structural equation model (SEM) is employed to analyze the impacts of ICT usage on time use and travel behavior. The sample is derived from the travel characteristic survey conducted in Hong Kong in 2002. The usage of ICT is defined as the experience of using e-mail, Internet service, video conferencing and videophone for either business or personal purposes. The results show that the use of ICT generates additional time use for out-of-home recreation activities and travel and increases trip-making propensity. Individuals at younger age or with higher household income are found to be more likely ICT users. The findings of this study provide further evidence on the complementarity effects of ICT on travel, suggesting that the wide application of ICT probably leads to more, not less, travel. The study also demonstrates the importance of considering the interactions between activity and travel for better understanding of the nature and magnitude of the impacts of ICT on time use and trip making behavior.     

静力作用下沉管隧道三维数值模拟

沉管隧道纵断面结构计算常采用弹性地基梁或弹性地基板法,但这些方法较难真实模拟沉管隧道的受力情况,特别是接头的受力情况。文章以三维实体单元出发,引入适当的假设,对沉管隧道静力作用下的受力、位移,特别是接头受力情况进行了详细的模拟分析,对沉管隧道结构纵向计算做了有益的探索,对类似工程有较强的指导意义。     

CFRP布加固钢筋混凝土梁抗弯承载力设计计算方法

为完善公路钢筋混凝土桥梁抗弯加固设计理论,针对CFRP布加固钢筋混凝土梁的受力机理和破坏特点,结合我国现行《公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范》(JTG D62-2004)的设计理论,基于国内文献有关CFRP布加固梁的抗弯试验研究成果,建立了CFRP布加固桥梁的抗弯承载力计算公式,并提出了加固后梁承载力的提高程度、碳纤维布最大用量和最小用量的限制要求。公式计算值与试验值的对比结果表明,所建议公式具有较好的实用性和安全性,可用于公路钢筋混凝土桥梁的抗弯加固设计计算。     

汽车用TRIP高强度钢板的成形行为试验研究

对冷轧TRIP600钢板在单向拉伸、双向拉伸和平面应变变形模式下的成形行为进行试验研究,在此基础上建立描述TRIP效应的计算模型,并用扫描电镜方法分析TRIP钢变形过程中微观组织的变化。试验结果表明:在单向拉伸、双向拉伸和平面应变中,平面应变最有利于TRIP效应的发挥,双向拉伸次之,单向拉伸最不利。     

双车道公路超车两难区域研究

基于超车行为分析,提出了双车道公路超车行为的两难区域概念,在该区域内超车车辆既无法完成超车动作又不能在避免与对向车辆相撞前安全避让。应用运动学理论建立了下游车队规模、车速、设计车速与两难区域范围以及安全超车视距之间的关系,发现与超越单车的视距要求相比,超越车队所需的安全视距较大,且随着设计车速、下游车队规模以及车速的增大而增大。并发现当流量或车速较大时,两难区域出现的概率较大,且因驾驶者错误估计引发交通事故的机会增多。最后给出了不同下游车队规模条件下安全超车的速度限制及视距要求,为制定安全行车策略以及道路安全管理提供了理论依据。