How and why do men and women differ in their willingness to use automated cars? The influence of emotions across different age groups

Current research on willingness to use automated cars indicates differences between men and women, with the latter group showing lower usage intentions. This study aims at providing a first explanation of this effect. Research from other fields suggests that affective reactions might be able to explain behavioral intentions and responses towards technology, and that these affects vary depending on age levels. By examining a sample of 1603 participants representative for Germany (in terms of biological sex, age, and education) we found evidence that affective responses towards automotive cars (i.e., anxiety and pleasure) explain (i.e., mediate) the effect of biological sex on willingness to use them. Moreover, we found that these emotional processes vary as a function of respondent age in such a way that the differential effect of sex on anxiety (but not on pleasure) was more pronounced among relatively young respondents and decreased with participants’ age. Our results suggest that addressing anxiety-related responses towards automated cars (e.g., by providing safety-related information) and accentuating especially the pleasurable effects of automated cars (e.g., via advertising) reduce differences between men and women. Addressing the anxiety-related effects in order to reduce sex differences in usage intentions seems to be less relevant for older target groups, whereas promoting the pleasurable responses is equally important across age groups.     

螺旋匝道和螺旋桥的小客车行驶速度特征

为明确螺旋匝道和螺旋桥处的驾驶行为模式和汽车运行特征，在涪陵长江一桥、乌江二桥、重庆融侨大道和涪陵金凯环形高架4处地点开展螺旋匝道实车试验，用车载仪器采集自然驾驶状态下的汽车连续行驶轨迹、速度以及周围行驶环境等信息。基于自然驾驶数据，研究螺旋匝道范围内的速度变化模式、幅值特性以及影响因素。研究结果表明：单车道螺旋匝道的速度变化模式多样化，双车道螺旋匝道的行驶速度在整体上维持稳定，匝道范围内的连续升坡和降坡并未导致速度出现趋势性衰减和趋势性升高；螺旋匝道并入主线时，驾驶人在合流鼻之前有明显的、共性的减速行为，这与现行设计标准中的设计假定相反；除涪陵长江一桥之外，其余3处都是下行速度低于上行速度；螺旋匝道设计速度越低，实测速度与设计速度之间的偏离越严重，并且速度幅值离散化，因此不建议使用20 km·h^-1的匝道设计速度；螺旋匝道运行速度与匝道半径成正相关。     

Adapting interactive stated response techniques to a self-completion survey

We report here on how we adapted Interactive Stated Response Methods to use in a self-completion survey of 454 California households to measure the market for electric vehicles in California. Electric vehicles are a novel product and have many features unfamiliar to consumers, in particular their home recharging capability and limited range. Reflexive techniques were designed to draw households into a deeper exploration of the lifestyle implications of electric vehicles than can be done in more typical self-completion surveys, and to stimulate key decision processes previously observed in detailed gaming interviews with 51 households. Reflexive self-completion techniques provide a middle course between typical large sample quantitative surveys and small sample, detailed gaming interviews. One of the benefits of the more intensive techniques was that participants reported finding the surveys interesting and return rates were high for a self-completion approach – over sixty percent. We review previous transportation and sociological methods which inspired our design, describe the design goals and features of our research, and summarize research results pertinent to testing the validity of our approach.     

琼州海峡悬浮隧道的可行性研究

随着海南经济的不断发展 ,琼州海峡的交通流量将越来越大 ,因此修建固定式跨海通道将成为不可回避的问题。本文在收集琼州海峡大量气象、水文、海况和地质资料及对国内外悬浮隧道研究现状进行分析的基础上 ,提出在琼州海峡修建悬浮隧道的初步设想 ,并对其可行性进行了探讨     

新一代车辆标准化的综合性和前瞻性

俄罗斯正在研制新一代车辆并进行车辆检修制度的改革。本文提出标准化工作的前瞻性和综合性,要求车辆与其部件具有等寿命、装卸和调车机械应适应车辆的性能等,这样在铁路行业就会产生巨大的经济效益。     

轨道车辆安全性的实施方法和具体操作

轨道车辆安全性是RAMS(可靠性、可用性、可维护性和安全性)的特性之一,在车辆的设计、制造中具有非常重要的作用。介绍了实施轨道车辆安全性的方法和具体操作步骤。在具体操作中引入了车辆的风险概念和可接受原则,说明了所要分析危险事件的范围。介绍了车辆功能分解的意义和作用,以及如何进行初步风险分析和确定安全性关键项目清单;同时介绍了如何利用故障树分析法得出车辆故障状态的发生频率。     

Modeling Feedback Scheme of Empty Cars in Unloading End of Heavy Haul Railway

The transportation organization of heavy haul railway is complex in China, especially, the feedback of empty cars. On the basis of reference to the existing research results, and deep analysis of the characteristics of empty cars distribution of heavy haul railway, the authors construct the feedback schematic model of empty cars in unloading end of heavy haul railway. The minimum quantity of the combined trains and the time for combination is taken as the model goal and solution algorithm on the basis of minimum cost and maximum flow is formulated. Daqin railway is taken as an example and relevant conclusions of feedback scheme of empty cars of heavy haul railway, through an analysis of calculation results, are drawn.     

全断面硬岩地层盾构隧道管片上浮控制技术研究

为了解决盾构在全断面硬岩地层中管片上浮的问题,确保管片衬砌的施工质量,结合广州7号线某全断面硬岩段的盾构施工,从力学条件和空间条件等方面分析了导致管片上浮的原因和机制,从盾构施工和设计等方面提出了减小管片上浮的新措施。包括:采用豆砾石回填灌浆工艺进行管片壁后填充、利用止浆环与隔水环防止浆液流失、半敞开式掘进提高同步注浆的填充效果、采用前盾底部设计千斤顶防止盾构栽头等。     

A consideration of the structural design of a large-scale floating structure

The land area of Japan, especially flat land, is very small compared with its economic size. Large-scale floating structures are one solution to satisfy the demand for space by utilizing the ocean. This paper presents a general view of the dynamic response characteristics of large-scale floating structures, pontoons and semi-submersibles. For example, it is shown that the natural frequencies of eigenmodes are higher than the natural frequency of heaving motion. The response of the outer framework of a structure is shown to be generally larger than the response of the central part. Within the limits of our present understanding of the general dynamic response characteristics of such structures, the design and analysis of semi-submersible, large-scale floating structures is discussed. For a pontoon-type large-scale floating structure, a type whose perimeter structure has been modified to become lighter and more rigid is proposed. With this modification, the dynamic response of the whole structure is imporved.     

结构局部分析子系统JF的开发

本文阐述了结构局部分析子系统 JF 的设计思想和主要手段,并以实例说明该系统完全适用于铁道车辆主型货车车体结构设计,实现结构分析数据的自动生成,达到预期的目的.