基于唯一标识的ATP车载设备编码方案研究

设备唯一标识是实现ATP车载设备信息化管理和智能维修的前提。在分析国家标准和铁路标准对于设备唯一标识编码的基本原则和特点的基础上,结合ATP设备全路频繁流转的实际需求,提出了适用不同类型的ATP车载设备全路通用唯一标识编码方案。现场试验结果表明,该方案可推广应用于ATP车载设备的全生命周期追踪管理和日常运维。     

面向全生命周期管理的高强度螺栓施工管理系统

针对高强度螺栓现行施工工序繁杂、信息化和智能化水平不高的现状,研发了由数控定扭矩电动扳手和应用系统2部分组成的螺栓连接施工管理系统。系统的实施减少了班前班后标定,实现了对螺栓施工全过程和"人、机、料、法、环"全要素的有效管控,构建了新的施拧流程;工程部、试验室和物资部的任务分工基于系统进行了精准定位,形成了基于业务流程的协同管理机制;升级了螺栓连接施工的管理模式;明确了螺栓连接全生命周期的成本组成;给出了施工和运营维护阶段成本的计算模型;分析了施工原因引起运营期螺栓断裂的发生概率。本文结合算例对施拧流程的施工期成本和运营期成本进行了比较,结果表明管理系统的应用实现了面向全生命周期管理的成本效益最优化。     

Cost scaling based successive approximation algorithm for the traffic assignment problem

This paper presents a cost scaling based successive approximation algorithm, called ε-BA (ε-optimal bush algorithm), to solve the user equilibrium traffic assignment problem by successively refining ε-optimal flows. As ε reduces to zero, the user equilibrium solution is reached. The proposed method is a variant of bush-based algorithms, and also a variant of the min-mean cycle algorithm to solve the min-cost flow by successive approximation. In ε-BA, the restricted master problem, implying traffic equilibration restricted on a bush, is solved to ε-optimality by cost scaling before bush reconstruction. We show that ε-BA can reduce the number of flow operations substantially in contrast to Dial’s Algorithm B, as the former operates flows on a set of deliberately selected cycles whose mean values are sufficiently small. Further, the bushes can be constructed effectively even if the restricted master problem is not solved to a high level of convergence, by leveraging the ε-optimality condition. As a result, the algorithm can solve a highly precise solution with faster convergence on large-scale networks compared to our implementation of Dial’s Algorithm B.     

基于剩余寿命可靠度的地铁车辆设备多部件趋近机会维修策略

当前地铁车辆的检修存在着过修和欠修的现象.在分析车辆设备全寿命的基础上,以全寿命周期单位时间维修费用最低为目标,建立了基于剩余寿命可靠度的预防性维修周期模型,并针对多部件维修周期问题提出了应用于多部件整体的趋近机会维修策略.通过算例分析,验证了模型的合理性和可用性,以及趋近机会维修策略的有效性.     

高寒冻融环境下隧道结构服役性能预测模型

为分析高寒大温差冻融环境对公路隧道衬砌结构长期服役性能的影响, 采用现场测试方法得到了姜路岭隧道洞口温度变化规律, 基于室内冻融循环试验拟合了冻融环境下衬砌混凝土力学性能劣化计算公式, 应用荷载结构法建立了高寒冻融环境下衬砌结构服役性能的时空预测模型。研究结果表明: 铺设厚度为5cm、导热系数为0.03 W·(m·℃)^-1的保温层后, 姜路岭隧道1年内经历的等效室内冻融循环次数从8下降为0.32;无保温层且混凝土饱水条件下, 5、10、15、20年后拱脚处截面安全系数相对于刚服役时分别降低了0.6%、23.7%、41.1%、69.8%, 二次衬砌服役20年后安全系数已不能满足结构承载的要求; 铺设厚度为5cm、导热系数为0.03 W·(m·℃)^-1的保温层后, 二次衬砌服役100年后安全系数仍能够满足承载要求。可见冻融循环的剧烈程度对衬砌结构长期服役性能影响显著, 保温层能有效改善混凝土的冻融环境。     

Transport energy consumption in mountainous roads. A comparative case study for internal combustion engines and electric vehicles in Andorra

This paper analyses transport energy consumption of conventional and electric vehicles in mountainous roads. A standard round trip in Andorra has been modelled in order to characterise vehicle dynamics in hilly regions. Two conventional diesel vehicles and their electric-equivalent models have been simulated and their performances have been compared. Six scenarios have been simulated to study the effects of factors such as orography, traffic congestion and driving style. The European fuel consumption and emissions test and Artemis urban driving cycles, representative of European driving cycles, have also been included in the comparative analysis. The results show that road grade has a major impact on fuel economy, although it affects consumption in different levels depending on the technology analysed. Electric vehicles are less affected by this factor as opposed to conventional vehicles, increasing the potential energy savings in a hypothetical electrification of the car fleet. However, electric vehicle range in mountainous terrains is lower compared to that estimated by manufacturers, a fact that could adversely affect a massive adoption of electric cars in the short term.     

Traffic modelling in system boundary expansion of road pavement life cycle assessment

This paper uses a case study of a UK inter-urban road, to explore the impact of extending the system boundary of road pavement life cycle assessment (LCA) to include increased traffic emissions due to delays during maintenance. Some previous studies have attempted this but have been limited to hypothetical scenarios or simplified traffic modelling, with no validation or sensitivity analysis. In this study, micro-simulation modelling of traffic was used to estimate emissions caused by delays at road works, for several traffic management options. The emissions were compared to those created by the maintenance operation, estimated using an LCA model. In this case study, the extra traffic emissions caused by delays at road works are relatively small, compared to those from the maintenance process, except for hydrocarbon emissions. However, they are generally close to, or above, the materiality threshold recommended in PAS2050 for estimating carbon footprints, and reach 5–10% when traffic flow levels are increased (hypothetically) or when traffic management is imposed outside times of lowest traffic flow. It is recommended, therefore, that emissions due to traffic disruption at road works should be included within the system boundary of road pavement LCA and carbon footprint studies and should be considered in developing guidelines for environmental product declarations of road pavement maintenance products and services.     

Life cycle emissions and cost model for urban light duty vehicles

The growth of vehicle sales and use internationally requires the consumption of significant quantities of energy and materials, and contributes to the deterioration of air-quality and climate conditions. Advanced propulsion systems and electric drive vehicles have substantially different characteristics and impacts. They require life cycle assessments and detailed comparisons with gasoline powered vehicles which, in turn, should lead to critical updates of traditional models and assumptions. For a comprehensive comparison of advanced and traditional light duty vehicles, a model is developed that integrates external costs, including emissions and time losses, with societal and consumer life cycle costs. Life cycle emissions and time losses are converted into costs for seven urban light duty vehicles. The results, which are based on vehicle technology characteristics and transportation impacts on environment, facilitate vehicle comparisons and support policy making in transportation. Substantially, more sustainable urban transportation can be achieved in the short-term by promoting policies that increase vehicle occupancy; in the intermediate-term by increasing the share of hybrid vehicles in the car market and in the long-term by the widespread use of electric vehicles. A sensitivity-analysis of life cost results revealed that vehicle costs change significantly for different geographical areas depending on vehicle taxation, pricing of gasoline, electric power and pollution. Current practices in carbon and air quality pricing favor oil and coal based technologies. However, increasing the cost of electricity from coal and other fossil fuels would increase the variable cost for electric vehicles, and tend to favor the variable cost of hybrid vehicles.     

汽车制造、使用及回收的生命周期分析

为了研究汽车全生命过程对环境产生的影响,采用生命周期分析的方法对汽车制造、使用及回收3个阶段中所产生的排放物进行了分析和计算,并对汽车使用90号无铅汽油、液化石油气、液化天然气、车用乙醇汽油对环境造成的影响进行了比较。结果表明:3个阶段对环境都有一定的污染;使用液化天然气和车用乙醇汽油为汽车燃料以及对报废汽车进行能源化回收利用是有益的。     

Customizing driving cycles to support vehicle purchase and use decisions: Fuel economy estimation for alternative fuel vehicle users

Wider deployment of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) can help with increasing energy security and transitioning to clean vehicles. Ideally, adopters of AFVs are able to maintain the same level of mobility as users of conventional vehicles while reducing energy use and emissions. Greater knowledge of AFV benefits can support consumers’ vehicle purchase and use choices. The Environmental Protection Agency’s fuel economy ratings are a key source of potential benefits of using AFVs. However, the ratings are based on pre-designed and fixed driving cycles applied in laboratory conditions, neglecting the attributes of drivers and vehicle types. While the EPA ratings using pre-designed and fixed driving cycles may be unbiased they are not necessarily precise, owning to large variations in real-life driving. Thus, to better predict fuel economy for individual consumers targeting specific types of vehicles, it is important to find driving cycles that can better represent consumers’ real-world driving practices instead of using pre-designed standard driving cycles. This paper presents a methodology for customizing driving cycles to provide convincing fuel economy predictions that are based on drivers’ characteristics and contemporary real-world driving, along with validation efforts. The methodology takes into account current micro-driving practices in terms of maintaining speed, acceleration, braking, idling, etc., on trips. Specifically, using a large-scale driving data collected by in-vehicle Global Positioning System as part of a travel survey, a micro-trips (building block) library for California drivers is created using 54 million seconds of vehicle trajectories on more than 60,000 trips, made by 3000 drivers. To generate customized driving cycles, a new tool, known as Case Based System for Driving Cycle Design, is developed. These customized cycles can predict fuel economy more precisely for conventional vehicles vis-à-vis AFVs. This is based on a consumer’s similarity in terms of their own and geographical characteristics, with a sample of micro-trips from the case library. The AFV driving cycles, created from real-world driving data, show significant differences from conventional driving cycles currently in use. This further highlights the need to enhance current fuel economy estimations by using customized driving cycles, helping consumers make more informed vehicle purchase and use decisions.