润滑油对发动机曲轴摩擦功影响的仿真与试验研究

以某直列3缸汽油机为研究对象,利用 AVL EXCITE 软件建立了曲轴多体动力学仿真模型,通过台架试验,验证了该仿真模型的正确性,在此模型基础上分析了润滑油温度、供油压力以及润滑油种类对发动机曲轴摩擦功的影响规律。研究表明：指定条件下的曲轴摩擦损失功率仿真结果为106．6 W ,台架试验结果为102 W ,误差在5％以内,表明仿真模型具有相当的精度;当润滑油供油温度从40℃升高到110℃时,曲轴摩擦损失功率减小到最低,约为104 W ,当温度超过110℃后,摩擦损失增加,当温度上升到150℃时,摩擦损失功率达到140 W ,润滑条件急剧恶化;当轴承主油道入口压力从0．31 MPa 增加到0．4 MPa 时,曲轴摩擦功率减小约10 W ,且供油温度较低时润滑油供油压力对曲轴摩擦功率影响较大;曲轴摩擦功率随黏度的提高而增加,供油温度较低时,润滑油黏度对曲轴摩擦功率的影响较大。     

Circuit racing,track texture,temperature and rubber friction

ABSTRACT

Some general observations relating to tyre shear forces and road surfaces are followed by more specific considerations from circuit racing. The discussion then focuses on the mechanics of rubber friction. The classical experiments of Grosch are outlined and the interpretations that can be put on them are discussed. The interpretations involve rubber viscoelasticity, so that the vibration properties of rubber need to be considered. Adhesion and deformation mechanisms for energy dissipation at the interface between rubber and road and in the rubber itself are highlighted. The enquiry is concentrated on energy loss by deformation or hysteresis subsequently. Persson's deformation theory is outlined and the material properties necessary to apply the theory to Grosch's experiments are discussed. Predictions of the friction coefficient relating to one particular rubber compound and a rough surface are made using the theory and these are compared with the appropriate results from Grosch. Predictions from Persson's theory of the influence of nominal contact pressure on the friction coefficient are also examined. The extent of the agreement between theory and experiment is discussed. It is concluded that there is value in the theory but that it is far from complete. There is considerable scope for further research on the mechanics of rubber friction.     

Modelling polymer draft gears

This paper developed a new and simple approach to model polymer draft gears. Two types of polymer draft gears were modelled and compared with experimental data. Impact characteristics, in-train characteristics and frequency responses of these polymer draft gears were studied and compared with those of a friction draft gear. The impact simulations show that polymer draft gears can withstand higher impact speeds than the friction draft gear. Longitudinal train dynamics simulations show that polymer draft gears have significantly longer deflections than friction draft gears in normal train operations. The maximum draft gear working velocities are lower than 0.2?m/s, which are significantly lower than the impact velocities during shunting operations. Draft gears’ in-train characteristics are similar to their static characteristics but are very different from their impact characteristics; this conclusion has also been reached from frequency response simulations. An analysis of gangway bridge plate failures was also conducted and it was found that they were caused by coupler angling behaviour and long draft gear deflections.     

沿河土质路基稳定性影响因素分析

山区公路沿河路基易受水文、气象等因素的影响而发生失稳破坏,弄清影响沿河路基稳定性的主要因素及其影响方式,对实际工程中确保路基稳定是很有益的。从地质学和力学的观点出发,分析了地下水动态变化对沿河土质路基稳定性的影响;探讨了地表水流影响沿河路基稳定性的原因和力学机理。     

水面战斗舰艇隐身设计浅探

简述了水面战斗舰艇隐身设计的几种途径,包括隐身外形设计、隐身材料和降低舰艇红外特征以及控制舰艇自身电子特性等。在实际应用中对这些方法的优劣进行探讨,具有较好的参考价值。     

道路透水路面不同面层材料的特性探讨

我国新近应用的透水路面具有很好的应用前景.文章从工程应用角度分析透水沥青混合料、透水水泥混凝土、透水路面砖等三种透水性面层材料的强度特性与耐候性,探讨其常见病害与维护、维修方法.     

随机载荷作用下焊接结构表面裂纹扩展研究

随机载荷作用下焊接结构表面裂纹的扩展问题是工程结构中常见的问题.文中设计了随机载荷作用下焊接结构的疲劳断裂试验,试样由平板以一定的角度焊接而成,配合相应的夹具采用轴向加载,在MTS疲劳试验机上进行试验,采用应变片对裂纹的萌生进行监测,用降载勾线法描绘裂纹的扩展形貌,最后利用试验数据对文献中提到的等效厚度法和等效应力强度因子法进行了验证,结果表明:这两种方法的计算结果都与试验结果比较接近,可以用于计算表面裂纹的疲劳扩展.     

Designing a sliding mode controller for slip control of antilock brake systems

Antilock brake system (ABS) has been designed to achieve maximum negative acceleration by preventing the wheels from locking. Research shows that the friction between road and tire is a nonlinear function of wheel slip. Therefore, maximum negative acceleration can be achieved by designing a suitable control system for wheel slip regulation at its optimum value. Since there is a lot of nonlinearity and uncertainty (uncertainty in mass and center of gravity of the vehicle and road condition) in vehicle dynamics, a robust control method should be used. In this research, a sliding mode controller for wheel slip control has been designed based on a two-axle vehicle model. Important considered parameters for vehicle dynamic include two separated brake torques for front and rear wheels as well as longitudinal weight transfer caused by the acceleration or deceleration. One of the common problems in sliding mode control is chattering phenomenon. In this paper, primary controller design has been improved using integral switching surface to reduce chattering effects. Simulation results show the success of integral switching surface in elimination of chattering side effects and by high performance of this controller. At the end, the performance of the designed controller has been compared with three of the prevalent papers results to determine the performance of sliding mode control integrated with integral switching surface.     

基于有限元应力积分传递系数法的岩质边坡抗滑稳定分析

针对含非贯通软弱结构面的岩质边坡抗滑稳定问题,将有限元法与传递系数法结合,提出考虑主抗滑面位置搜索的有限元应力积分传递系数法。在弹塑性有限元法分析应力场的基础上,使用应力积分求得各滑裂面上的法向及切向力;在等安全系数条件下,模拟边坡失稳时剩余推力沿滑裂面依次传递到主抗滑面的过程并对各滑裂面建立极限平衡方程;最后结合Fortran语言快速搜索主抗滑面起点位置、倾角及对应的最小安全系数。通过算例分析发现：有限元应力积分传递系数法能精确找到主抗滑面的位置,并将边坡稳定性量化到一个具体的数值。克服了传递系数法只能进行刚性分析及需要假定主抗滑面位置的缺点,相比强度折减法也少了人为判定引起的误差问题,结果更合理可靠。     

螺旋桨设计参数对桨叶片空泡性能的影响分析

文章基于扰动速度势面元法建立了在均流条件下螺旋桨桨叶片空泡数值预报方法,空泡模型采用压力恢复闭合模型。通过对5600TEU集装箱船螺旋桨空泡的数值预报,以及与试验结果的比较,验证了该方法的可行性。该方法能够较为快速准确地预报螺旋桨桨叶片空泡,可用于分析参数对螺旋桨空泡性能的影响,为抑制螺旋桨空化设计提供基础。在此基础上重点分析了桨叶侧斜、纵倾以及桨叶剖面型式对螺旋桨空泡性能的影响,计算表明加大侧斜能够减少空泡面积,空泡向外半径偏移;桨叶剖面的设计对空泡性能影响较大,优化设计桨叶剖面可以有效减少空泡面积,提高螺旋桨抗空化能力;纵倾向压力面弯曲的分布形式可以改善梢部的压力分布,减少叶梢附近空泡长度,从而可望减少由空泡引起的脉动压力。