Reduction of skin friction by microbubbles and its relation with near-wall bubble concentration in a channel

Determination of the flow structure near the wall is essential for a clear insight into the phenomenon of skin friction reduction by microbubbles in a turbulent boundary layer. An important parameter, is the bubble concentration or void fraction in the wall region in drag-reducing conditions. The purpose of this paper is to show drag-reducing effects due to microbubbles in a water channel and, more importantly, to show the dependence of the drag-reduction values on the near-wall void fraction. A two-dimensional channel with an aspect ratio of 10 was specially built for this purpose with provisions for air injection through porous plates. Skin friction was directly measured by a miniature floating element transducer with a 5-mm circular sensing disk mounted flush on the top wall 67 channel-heights downstream of the injector. The wall friction in the presence of air bubbles was found to be reduced under the same bulk velocity when compared with the value without air. Detailed void fraction profiles across the channel were obtained by a sampling probe and a fiber-optic probe. Better collapse of the drag reduction data, independent of different profile shapes, was found when plotted against the near-wall void fraction than against a cross-sectional mean void fraction. While this dependence reconfirms that the phenomena are essentially inner-region dependent, the lack of influence of the bubble distribution patterns away from the wall implies lack of outer region influence.     

东风型内燃机车排气阀等离子焊修次数合理性的探讨

本文采用焊接热模拟方法,研究了机车柴油机排气阀(基材为4Cr14Ni14W2Mo 钢)等离子堆焊修复次数,以及“堆焊+时效”次数对其热影响区的过热区组织和性能的影响.试验结果表明,对排气阀的等离子焊修次数以不超过3次为宜.     

金相剖面法确定13CrMo44钢及焊接接头区的断裂韧性值

本文采用金相剖面法,通过测定压力容器用钢13CrMo44钢及焊接接头各区裂纹尖端饱和伸张区高度(SZD),来确定焊接接头不均匀体各区的断裂韧性.该法能把焊接接头各区的组织特征、微观断口形貌同断裂力学宏观参数紧密结合起来,克服了以往诸方法难以使裂纹尖端准确达到预定位置的缺陷.试验结果表明:用 P_5焊条手弧焊对接的焊接接头断裂韧性只有母材的一半,熔合区断裂韧性最低,是结构的最薄弱环节.焊接接头各区的断裂韧性值为合理评定压力容器缺陷,正确估算剩余寿命提供了依据.     

Sideslip angle estimation based on input–output linearisation with tire–road friction adaptation

An adaptive sideslip angle observer considering tire–road friction adaptation is proposed in this paper. The single-track vehicle model with nonlinear tire characteristics is adopted. The tire parameters can be easily obtained through road test data without using special test rigs. Afterwards, this model is reconstructed and a high-gain observer (HGO) based on input–output linearisation is derived. The observer stability is analysed. Experimental results have confirmed that the HGO has a better computational efficiency with the same accuracy when compared with the extended Kalman filter and the Luenberger observer. Finally, a road friction adaptive algorithm based on vehicle lateral dynamics is proposed and validated through driving simulator data. As long as the tires work in the nonlinear region, the maximal friction coefficient could be estimated. This algorithm has excellent portability and is also suitable for other observers.     

Effective assessment of tyre–road friction coefficient using a hybrid estimator

Vehicle stability and active safety control depend heavily on tyre forces available on each wheel of a vehicle. Since tyre forces are strongly affected by the tyre–road friction coefficient, it is crucial to optimise the use of the adhesion limits of the tyres. This study presents a hybrid method to identify the road friction limitation; it contributes significantly to active vehicle safety. A hybrid estimator is developed based on the three degrees-of-freedom vehicle model, which considers longitudinal, lateral and yaw motions. The proposed hybrid estimator includes two sub-estimators: one is the vehicle state information estimator using the unscented Kalman filter and another is the integrated road friction estimator. By connecting two sub-estimators simultaneously, the proposed algorithm can effectively estimate the road friction coefficient. The performance of the proposed estimation algorithm is validated in CarSim/Matlab co-simulation environment under three different road conditions (high-μ, low-μ and mixed-μ). Simulation results show that the proposed estimator can assess vehicle states and road friction coefficient with good accuracy.     

The mechanisms involved during the wet braking of new and worn tires

ABSTRACT

Tires are used by the customers during several tens of thousands of kilometres, and before their replacement, the driver will encounter a continuous variation of tread depth due to the tire wearing. Although the wet braking labelling demonstrates the performance of the tire in the new stage, it is known that the wet traction evolves with tire wear. In this paper, an in-depth comparison of the wet grip performance of new and worn tires will be conducted, based on the regulatory wet braking test. For this purpose, we propose an original approach to analyse braking test results, which allows breaking down and quantifying the relative importance of the mechanisms involved during this test. This study demonstrates that two main mechanisms are taking place during the entire test: rubber friction and hydroplaning mechanisms. The µ value obtained at low speeds reflects the friction potential of the tested tires while the decline of performance at higher speeds is attributed to hydroplaning mechanisms. This analysis is conducted on numerous tires and demonstrates that current regulatory test applied on new tires is focussing mainly on the rubber friction mechanism. The same test applied on worn tires exhibits both rubber friction and hydroplaning mechanisms. The mechanisms decomposition shows that the source of the performance decline from new to worn status varies greatly, some tires having most of their performance loss due to hydroplaning, some others due to rubber friction drop.     

预应力混凝土连续曲线箱梁预应力效应分析

曲线箱形梁桥是空间复杂受力结构体系,预应力钢束产生的径向分布力是预应力混凝土曲线箱梁产生扭矩的主要原因之一。采用组合有限元法和简化方法分析曲线箱梁中预应力所产生的效应,得出预应力作用产生的内力和变形的变化趋势,为进一步完善曲线预应力混凝土箱梁桥的设计提供了依据。     

舭龙骨结构设计及安装研究

从水动力学入手,阐述了舭龙骨的作用原理,针对常规散货船和油船,给出了舭龙骨的典型结构、构件尺寸及设计要求,并对舭龙骨的材质和各部分结构的细节要求以及安装和定位要求,尤其是对端部的要求进行了详细论述,并对舭龙骨的焊接要求作了深入研究。     

船用大型铸钢件焊接裂缝及修复工艺研究

分析了船用大型铸钢件焊接中常见的几种焊缝裂纹及产生的原因。针对在复杂环境下焊缝区域产生的裂纹,提出了行之有效的修复焊接工艺。     

船体分段焊接变形仿真

船体分段在焊接过程中产生的焊接变形会使船体结构强度降低,然而精确预测和控制焊接变形是个难题.文章提供了准确预测焊接变形的固有应变等效载荷法.这种方法运用有限元法结合固有应变理论以及实验结果对焊接变形进行分析:引入简化的弹-塑性分析杆-弹簧模型,通过分析得到固有应变受焊接区域约束度及最高温度分布情况的影响;将固有应变转化为等效载荷,应用弹性有限元分析求得整个结构的焊接变形.计算结果与LEECH计算及实验结果吻合较好.