The Alternative Motor Fuels Act, alternative-fuel vehicles, and greenhouse gas emissions

The corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standard is the major policy tool to improve the fleet average miles per gallon of automobile manufacturers in the US. The Alternative Motor Fuels Act (AMFA) provides special treatment in calculating the fuel economy of alternative-fuel vehicles to give manufacturers CAFE incentives to produce more alternative-fuel vehicles. AMFA has as its goals an increase in the production of alternative-fuel vehicles and a decrease in gasoline consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. This paper examines theoretically the effects of the program set up under AMFA. It finds that, under some conditions, this program may actually increase the production of fuel-inefficient gasoline vehicles, gasoline consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.     

An operational activity-based method to estimate CO2 emissions from container shipping considering empty container repositioning

This paper develops an operational activity-based method to estimate CO₂ emissions from container shipping in contrasts to the traditional aggregated activity-based method. Two case studies investigate the impacts of empty container repositioning policies and port handling capacity on CO₂ emission index. The results show that the aggregated method could well overestimate CO₂ emissions and the operational activity-based method is more appropriate. The paper also demonstrates that high port-handling capacity and efficient empty container repositioning could reduce CO₂ emissions in seaborne container transportation.     

高埋深软硬岩互层地质条件下敞开式TBM岩爆段施工方法研究

基于喜马拉雅山区域某软硬岩性互层地质条件下的深埋隧洞工程,为解决该区域TBM施工过程中的岩爆问题,统计分析了TBM施工过程中的岩爆特征;在施工过程中开展了多种岩爆规避试验,形成了一套较完整的有针对性的施工方法： 1）岩爆风险巡查常态化; 2）超前地质预报和超前处理措施相结合; 3）支护材料和支护方式合理化; 4）掘进参数动态调整。在后续的施工中加以应用,取得了较好的效果,可以为类似地质条件下的安全施工提供参考。     

Asymmetry in transport fuel demand: Evidence from household level data

Models for gasoline demand for transportation activities generally assume that demand is perfectly reversible with respect to gasoline price (and income). The small literature which relaxes the reversibility assumption in gasoline demand argues technological fixation leads to this asymmetry and utilizes aggregate time-series model to find evidence in favour of asymmetry. In this research it is suggested that there could also be behavioural factors behind this asymmetric response, possibly due to the loss aversion nature of human beings as described in the prospect theory. For the first time, household level data was used to understand asymmetry in gasoline demand in response to changes in gasoline price and income. There was statistical evidence that gasoline price and income both can induce asymmetric changes in gasoline demand among households. Specifically, elasticity with respect to rising prices and falling income is larger than the elasticity with respect to falling prices and rising income respectively, which is consistent with loss aversion in gasoline purchase behaviour. There was also some evidence of heterogeneity in the asymmetric responses between urban and rural households. The results have implications for transport-related energy tax policies or subsidies, while the method can be applied directly for non-energy goods as well.     

港口干散货物流供应链信息协同运作模式分析

在国内外供应链管理研究及河北港口群煤炭业务现状调研分析的基础上,剖析现阶段港口煤炭供应链运营管理的问题。聚焦河北港口群煤炭供应链模式构建过程,梳理港口煤炭供应链管理流程,构建河北港口群供应链管理模式、物流协同模式、物流体系及物流供应链协同信息化支撑模式,解决制约港口煤炭供应链的信息共享不及时、信息流通不畅等问题。对港口煤炭供应链协同运作信息化体系进行总体框架设计,并选择典型平台建设探讨供应链协同运作信息化体系支撑实现模式,形成高效、科学、先进的河北港口群煤炭供应链管理模式。     

船舶稳定计算在浅水倒驳抛石中的应用

针对船舶施工安全稳定性问题,以马来西亚槟城吹填二期（STP2）工程为例,介绍特定条件限制下的浅水抛石施工方法,以施工过程中的船舶稳定性验算为理论基础,判定了船舶的横倾角并通过工程实例验证,为类似工程提供相对简单、实用的船舶安全验算基础。     

基于船舶供电网络的模拟系统设计

本文主要介绍了基于船舶供电网络的模拟系统的主要功能和设计方法,该模拟系统采用集中式管理分布式控制的硬件架构,可模拟在各种不同的电网结构和不同的运行工况下,电网中各设备的状态和参数,并通讯至能量管理系统,能便捷的验证能量管理系统功能的有效性,提高软件开发人员的故障效率。     

中外航道设计中波浪富裕水深确定方法对比

通过对比国内外航道设计规范中波浪富裕水深的确定方法,系统分析影响波浪富裕水深的主要因素,结合全球波浪要素的分布情况讨论各国方法的适用范围,并通过实例计算对波浪要素的影响进行对比分析。结果表明,各国规范大多以波高、船浪夹角、波周期为自变量来确定波浪富裕水深,波浪富裕水深与波高成正比,最不利船浪夹角通常是90°或45°左右,波浪富裕水深通常会随波浪周期的增大而增大,当船舶固有周期接近遭遇波浪周期时有极大值。     

海流能轮机叶片翼型的水动力学特性模拟

基于卧式海流能发电装置,采用雷诺平均N-S方程,对来流攻角从0°~26°情形下的叶片翼型进行数值模拟,分析比较不同攻角下水动力学特性的变化规律。结果表明:一定范围内增加攻角可有效提高升阻比,但升力系数最大时,升阻比、水翼捕能效率不一定最高,失速角也不一定是最佳攻角,验证了水翼失速的根本原因是边界层的分离;水翼吸力面与压力面的压差较大,此压差为水翼提供较高的升力系数,主要来自于水翼的前半部。此外,还分析了水翼周围流场的速度分布、压力分布等水动力特性与攻角的关系,为设计高效的海流能转换叶片提供了理论参考。     

同相牵引供电系统平衡补偿的最优模型

为消除同相牵引供电系统中的三相不平衡、滤除谐波、补偿无功,讨论了平衡变换的两种最优补偿模型:以波形质量最优为目标的波形畸变最小模型和以获得最佳负载为目标的最佳负载模型.通过仿真分析了系统电压畸变时两种补偿模型的补偿效果.结果表明,波形畸变最小模型使系统只提供负载所需要的基波有功电流,最佳负载模型将不对称的单相负载变成三相(或两相或四相)对称纯阻性负载.在三相系统电压对称无谐波时,两者补偿特性一致;当三相系统电压不对称有谐波时,两者补偿特性有区别.