城市道路拥挤收费福利影响研究

城市道路拥挤收费虽然使总的社会福利增加,但对不同时间价值出行者的福利影响却不尽相同。以福利经济学为理论基础,以出行的货币成本和时间成本为影响因素,量化分析收费后不同出行者的福利得失。研究发现,在确定拥挤方案后如果能得到交通量的变化量,就可以得到不同选择方案出行者的福利得失。时间价值较低的出行者只有选择公共交通时才能从拥挤收费中受益,而时间价值较高的出行者,选择付费出行使他们获益最大。     

高速铁路动态定价与票额分配协同优化研究

目前我国高速铁路票价制定还比较缺乏灵活的市场化机制,严重影响铁路运输企业收益和服务水平的提高。基于高速铁路旅客出行规律和收益管理策略,研究高速铁路动态定价与票额分配协同优化方法。在分析旅客出行价格需求弹性的基础上,构建基于Logit模型的客流弹性函数,考虑临近发车客票不涨价和运输能力等约束,建立以期望客票总收入最大化为目标的优化模型,设计一种基于超分方程的分步算法,求解不同时段下不同列车的最优票价与票额分配方案。以京沪高速铁路为例进行计算和分析,与固定费率票价相比,动态票价策略能保证服务水平,系统总客流需求下降0.73%,企业客票总收益提高4.95%。     

基于单箱总质量的集装箱班轮二部定价模型

为了解决集装箱班轮运输中因定价方式不合理而导致的运力利用不当及舱位利用率较低的问题, 基于经典的二部定价理论, 借助样本分析所得的相关统计学特征, 构建了非线性定价收益优化模型, 通过MATLAB编程对算例进行了一系列的数学试验, 求得了相关影响因素在不同变化规律下的模型优化结果。分析结果表明: 在特定条件下, 该模型可使班轮运输企业的收益水平较原先提高近20%, 箱位利用率可提升至100%, 模型正确有效。     

论协商性政府规制——解读视角和研究疆域的初步厘定

协商性政府规制,作为行政法学的新兴课题,急需解读视角和研究疆域的厘定：从程序面向看,协商作为行政目标实现的过程或环节,需要强调公众参与、利益代表、信息公开、理由说明等与商谈理论密切相关的要素;从实体面向看,协商作为结果达成的契约文本,需要关注由此衍生的公私协作、民营化与公共事务外包、主体分责制等公共治理转型问题;从形式论面向看,协商规制在行为形式论意义上的类型归属、法律效力、适用规制和救济方式,成为另一股研究协商性政府规制的学术动因。     

拥挤道路使用收费的理论构架

拥挤道路使用收费作为现代城市交通需求管理的有效措施在理论上和实践上都具有十分重要的意义。综述了拥挤道路使用收费的理论构架, 包括静态拥挤道路使用收费的涵义、分类、理论基础及动态收费理论, 这对进一步研究道路使用收费有一定的借鉴意义     

疫情后国际邮轮公司直销渠道定价策略

对比了邮轮游产品在国外的分销模式和在国内的旅行社包船模式之间的差异,分析了旅行社包船模式成为制约中国邮轮游市场进一步发展瓶颈的原因;基于斯塔尔伯格博弈和古诺博弈理论,构建了考虑消费者选择行为的直销和代销价格博弈模型;设计了以1个邮轮公司和多个旅行社为对象的数值分析试验,分析了在邮轮公司垄断市场、旅行社竞争市场和邮轮公司与旅行社竞争市场中,邮轮公司直销与旅行社代销的价格博弈行为与市场需求特征之间关系。研究结果表明：旅行社包船模式在中国邮轮市场发展初期符合国际邮轮公司快速渗透市场的需求,国际邮轮公司对代销渠道价格的间接影响力微弱,需通过旅行社使其邮轮游产品获得合理的价格;在市场较为成熟时期,邮轮游产品的代理数量为4~6个时,可以保证直销渠道和代销渠道价格处于合理区间;随着中国邮轮游市场的逐渐成熟,国际邮轮公司应加大发展直销渠道的力度,通过调控代理旅行社订购舱位时单位舱位的成本价与控制代理旅行社的数量,间接控制代销渠道的销售价格;邮轮疫情的负面报道将可能创造广告效果,在疫情后为提高邮轮产品知名度产生积极效用。     

Distance-dependent congestion pricing for downtown zones

A growing literature exploits macroscopic theories of traffic to model congestion pricing policies in downtown zones. This study introduces trip length heterogeneity into this analysis and proposes a usage-based, time-varying congestion toll that alleviates congestion while prioritizing shorter trips. Unlike conventional trip-based tolls the scheme is intended to align the fees paid by drivers with the actual congestion damage they do, and to increase the toll’s benefits as a result.The scheme is intended to maximize the number of people that finish their trips close to their desired times. The usage-based toll is compared to a traditional, trip-based toll which neglects trip length. It is found that, like trip-based tolls, properly designed usage-based tolls alleviate congestion. But they reduce schedule delay more than trip-based tolls and do so with much smaller user fees. As a result usage-based tolls leave most of those who pay with a large welfare gain. This may increase the tolls’ political acceptability.     

Robust optimization of distance-based tolls in a network considering stochastic day to day dynamics

This paper investigates the nonlinear distance-based congestion pricing in a network considering stochastic day-to-day dynamics. After an implementation/adjustment of a congestion pricing scheme, the network flows in a certain period of days are not on an equilibrium state, thus it is problematic to take the equilibrium-based indexes as the pricing objective. Therefore, the concept of robust optimization is taken for the congestion toll determination problem, which takes into account the network performance of each day. First, a minimax model which minimizes the maximum regret on each day is proposed. Taking as a constraint of the minimax model, a path-based day to day dynamics model under stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) constraints is discussed in this paper. It is difficult to solve this minimax model by exact algorithms because of the implicity of the flow map function. Hence, a two-phase artificial bee colony algorithm is developed to solve the proposed minimax regret model, of which the first phase solves the minimal expected total travel cost for each day and the second phase handles the minimax robust optimization problem. Finally, a numerical example is conducted to validate the proposed models and methods.     

Measuring risk aversion to guide transportation policy: Contexts,incentives, and respondents

Road pricing may provide a solution to increasing traffic congestion in metropolitan areas. Route, departure time and travel mode choices depend on risk attitudes as commuters perceive the options as having uncertain effects on travel times. We propose that Experimental Economics methods can deliver data that uses real consequences and where the context can be varied by the researcher. The approach relies on the controlled manipulation of contexts, similar to what is done in the Stated Choice approach, but builds in actual consequences, similar to the Revealed Preference approach. This paper investigates some of the trade-offs between the cost of conducting Experimental Economics studies and the behavioral responses elicited. In particular, we compare responses to traditional lottery choice tasks to the route choice tasks in simulated driving environments. We also compare students (a low cost convenient participant pool) to field participants recruited from the driving population. While we see initial differences across our treatment groups, we find that their risk taking behavior converge with minimal repetition.     

电子政务与办公自动化初探

论述了信息化对人们工作的影响，电子政务与办公自动化的关系。