道路货运企业规模经济分析

从生产成本和交易费用两个角度分析道路货运企业的规模经济,认为其生产活动不存在显著的规模报酬递增,但运输业务集成对其实现规模经济具有重要作用。针对我国道路货运业务集成难以开展的现状,政府要给予政策支持。     

Calculation of external costs for freight transport

Abstract

The negative impacts of transport are in general associated with costs. These costs are usually denoted as ‘external costs’ or ‘externalities’. This paper presents a tool for calculating external costs for freight transport together with its application to a number of case studies. The categories considered include: air pollution, greenhouse gases, noise, accidents and congestion. Results are presented for a number of different transport alternatives as total costs and divided into categories. The uncertainties in the results are discussed. The assessment of these costs is essential for predicting future transport costs.     

城市低收入人群广义出行成本研究

从广义出行成本的角度出发,以定量分析为主,辅以适当的定性分析,研究城市低收入人群出行过程中的使用成本、时间成本和舒适度成本.通过对南京市多个经济适用房小区进行居民出行调查,以客观数据为基础,建立广义出行成本模型,预测低收入群体几种主要的出行方式分担率,有利于分析他们的日常出行,为制定关于低收入人群的不同交通方式的出行保障策略提供依据.     

Impact of Indirect Left-Turning Measures from Driveways on Driving Behaviors and Safety

Direct left turn from driveways is considered as a contributor to accident and delay in at-grade intersections. Safety benefits of prohibiting direct left turn from driveways have been identified in many studies. Several engineering alternatives have been developed to accommodate prohibited driveway left turns. These alternatives are (1) right-turn followed by U-turn at the down stream intersection; (2) right-turn followed by median U-turn before the intersection; (3) right-turn followed by median U-turn after the intersection; (4) upstream Jug Handle, and (5) downstream Jug Handle. Each of the five treatments reroutes the left-turn vehicles at intersections, mid-block segments or side streets. Consequently, the alternatives of the indirect left-turning measures give rise to changes in drivers' driving behaviors and safety. Based on the practices and experiences from several states as well as the authors' studies, this paper presents the results from reviewing impacts of the indirect left-turning measures on driving behaviors and safety of the affected drivers. As a result of implementing the alternatives, changes in turning maneuvers and driving tasks, travel speed, speed disturbance, travel time, and drivers' perceptions of acceptable gaps in diverted turning maneuvers are addressed in the discussions of the impact on driving behaviors. And then, changes in conflict areas, conflict counts, and crash types are addressed in the discussions of impact on drivers' safety. In conclusions, major characteristics of the indirect left-turning measures are summarized and some key issues are also discussed.     

建设项目工程成本不确定性分析

在评标过程中,招标人如何判断投标人的报价是否低于成本价非常困难,主要原因是由于工程项目成本具有不确定性造成的,从工程项目成本构成分析入手,介绍工程项目成本具有不确定性的原因及不确定性的规律。     

城市公交线网的一票制差异化票价策略优化

针对城市公交系统客流空间分布和线网运力配置不均衡问题,提出公交线路间差异化定价策略,通过价格杠杆调节客流需求分布. 针对我国普遍采用的一票制模式,在分析乘客广义出行费用的基础上,利用基于Logit 的线路间客流分配方法,并以总社会成本最低为目标,以满足输送能力和收费额度等为约束,建立了固定需求下的城市公交线网的差异化票价策略优化模型. 根据模型特点,设计了基于模拟退火算法的模型求解方法,综合优化各线路的票价水平和发车频率. 最后,将提出的模型和算法应用到典型公交线网上,算例结果表明,优化方法在较低的收费额度下即可实现较为明显的网络改善效果.     

房地产行业股权融资成本与信息披露质量的实证研究

本文以2005-2006年度房地产行业上市公司作为样本,研究股权融资成本与信息披露质量之间的关系。在对变量的描述和样本检验的基础上,我们可以得出结论,即信息披露质量越高,股权融资成本越低。最后,本文通过实验研究,提出了一系列降低股权融资成本的政策建议。     

沥青混合料抗拉性能试验研究及力学特性分析

沥青混合料的抗拉性能是表征其低温与疲劳性能的重要指标。本文针对半圆弯曲试验(SCB)与劈裂试验(IDT)建立三维非线性有限元模型,对两种试验方法的受力特点与破坏模式进行数值模拟,并利用室内试验进行验证。结果表明:两试验中试件的力学响应规律明显不同;半圆弯曲试验试件主要承受拉应力,劈裂试验试件内出现压缩、拉伸、剪切多种受力模式交织现象;非轴对称受力时,劈裂试件的应力响应更为复杂,不能充分体现间接拉伸的目的。相比较而言,半圆弯曲试验更能模拟沥青混凝土路面的层底受拉状况。     

有机溶剂的回收

为达到有效利用资源、减少环境污染、降低生产成本的目的,利用溶剂回收机对废溶剂进行了回收。介绍了溶剂回收机的工作原理、使用范围、结构组成和操作方法,并以某汽车零部件生产厂家的涂装车间为例,对溶剂回收可产生的经济效益进行了分析。结果表明,从节约资源、保护环境等方面考虑,溶剂回收机非常适合在涂装行业及其他行业推广使用。     

基于视频的道路盲区能见度检测研究

基于道路视频图像的能见度检测方法可为智能交通系统提供实时、可靠、经济的交通能见度信息,但其应用效果受限于广泛存在的视频监控盲区。鉴于此,针对道路视频监控盲区的能见度实时检测方法展开研究,利用视频能见度检测算法,获取上下游路段能见度的两类检测数据,并提出一种基于能见度数据的高层信息汇聚融合模型,构建了盲区的能见度间接检测方法,给出 基于实时视频检测的道路盲区能见度预测值,与目测结果相比,平均误差小于10%。