Role of Bus‐Based Park and Ride in the UK: A Temporal and Evaluative Review

Abstract

The number of bus‐based Park and Ride (P&R) schemes in the UK has grown substantially over the past 40 years as a result of its encouragement by the Government as a tool to deal with increasing traffic congestion and traffic‐related pollution. The aim of this article is to analyse the degree to which P&R is effective in the contemporary policy context. The authors identify phases of development of P&R since its emergence as a local solution to transport capacity constraints in historic towns. Policy goals are identified against which a review of literature is used to highlight its effectiveness. It is concluded that P&R may increase the distance travelled by its users due to low load factors on dedicated buses, public transport abstraction and trip generation, although it is highlighted that there are areas in which further research is required to clarify its impacts.     

高速列车通信网的技术及其在机车车辆上的应用

高速、安全和舒适是旅客列车发展的方向。列车通信网在高速列车中是必不可少的。本文从拓扑结构、信息特征、介质访问形式、可靠性措施和列车初运行等五个方面分析了列车通信网的技术特点,及其在机车车辆上的具体应用。     

地方院校智能科学与技术专业的创新人才培养模式研究

摘要随着智能科学与技术专业教学实验的推进和人才需求的迅速发展,培养创新型智能科学与技术方面的人才重任摆在每一位智能专业的教育工作者面前。本文主要思考与时俱进的教学观念、教学手段、教学方法和教学模式,为在新形势下培养具有创新思维,自主创新和工程设计能力的智能专业人才服务,为教学改革加入新的活力和释义。     

云计算技术及应用浅谈

从云技术的含义出发,概括云技术的特点,研究云技术环境下的面向个人、企业、运营商的各种应用,总结各自应用的特点。     

真空预压新技术加固吹填超软土的现场试验研究

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Much Ado about Nothing? - An analysis of economic impacts and ecologic effects of the EU-emission trading scheme in the aviation industry

From 2012 on, all CO₂ emissions from flights departing from or arriving at airports within the European Union have to be offset. We analyze the economic and ecological impacts that are caused by an inclusion of the aviation industry into the proposed emissions trading scheme (ETS). Building on the now fixed system design we employ a simulation model to estimate the impacts of the scheme. Our results indicate that financial impacts are highly dependant on external settings, such as allowance prices and demand growth. We show that the financial burden on the aviation industry will be rather modest in the first years after the introduction of the system and therefore induce only low competition distortions. Likewise, emission reductions within air transportation will be comparably low. While aviation will induce a decline of emissions in other sectors, significant absolute reductions within air transportation can only be reached by a more restrictive system design.     

化学复合镀及其应用

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基于课元相关运算的高校排课算法

在分析高校课表编排所遵循的基本原则和模糊性原则的基础上，定义了课元之间关于教师的相关关系和关于自然班的相关关系，提出以课元相关运算和课元的候选时空片计算为核心的计算机排课算法。还给出了用关系数据库描述课表问题及实现排课算法的方法。经应用表明，该排课软件具有较好的适应性和实用性。     

触控顶灯的设计与应用

本文对一款新型汽车顶灯展开设计,采用全新的触摸屏控制方案,突破了传统阅读灯的局限,加入氛围灯功能的设计,使顶灯能够适应智能化和功能扩展便利性的需求。工作内容包括:①基于现有顶灯和各种市面产品,进行深入的功能扩展探讨和思考,选取初步方案;②确定组件的数量、类型、分布和安装关系;③考虑曲面特征,并结合光学仿真、散热模拟分析等工作结果,完善各组件的详细设计。     

W-SPSA in practice: Approximation of weight matrices and calibration of traffic simulation models

The development and calibration of complex traffic models demands parsimonious techniques, because such models often involve hundreds of thousands of unknown parameters. The Weighted Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation (W-SPSA) algorithm has been proven more efficient than its predecessor SPSA (Spall, 1998), particularly in situations where the correlation structure of the variables is not homogeneous. This is crucial in traffic simulation models where effectively some variables (e.g. readings from certain sensors) are strongly correlated, both in time and space, with some other variables (e.g. certain OD flows). In situations with reasonably sized traffic networks, the difference is relevant considering computational constraints. However, W-SPSA relies on determining a proper weight matrix (W) that represents those correlations, and such a process has been so far an open problem, and only heuristic approaches to obtain it have been considered.This paper presents W-SPSA in a formally comprehensive way, where effectively SPSA becomes an instance of W-SPSA, and explores alternative approaches for determining the matrix W. We demonstrate that, relying on a few simplifications that marginally affect the final solution, we can obtain W matrices that considerably outperform SPSA. We analyse the performance of our proposed algorithm in two applications in motorway networks in Singapore and Portugal, using a dynamic traffic assignment model and a microscopic traffic simulator, respectively.