Long-term sea surface temperature baselines—time series, spatial covariation and implications for biological processes

Coastal areas such as estuaries, bays and fjords usually have hydrographic characteristics (e.g., temperature, salinity) which differ from those at larger spatial scales and in offshore areas. The differences can arise if the areas are subject to different climatic forcing or if they are relatively isolated from each other due to topographic and ocean circulation features which inhibit advective inputs of water mass properties. Local differences in hydrographic conditions can therefore potentially limit the applicability of existing long time series of coastally monitored temperatures for addressing questions at large spatial scales, such as the response of species distributions and phenologies to climate change. In this study we investigate the spatial synchrony of long-term sea surface temperatures in the North Sea–Baltic Sea region as measured daily at four coastal sites (Marsdiep, Netherlands; Torungen, Norway; Skagens Reef, Denmark; and Christiansø, Denmark) and in several large offshore areas. All time series, including two series reconstructed and intercalibrated for this study (Skagens Reef and Christiansø, Denmark), began during 1861–1880 and continue until at least 2001. Temperatures at coastal sites co-varied strongly with each other and with opportunistically measured offshore temperatures despite separation distances between measuring locations of 20–1200 km. This covariance is probably due to the influence of large-scale atmospheric processes on regional temperatures and is consistent with the known correlation radius of atmospheric fluctuations (ca. 1000 km). Differences (e. g, long-term trends, amplitude of seasonal variations) between coastal temperatures and those measured in adjacent offshore areas varied nonrandomly over time and were often significantly autocorrelated up to 2 years. These differences suggest that spatial variations in physical oceanographic phenomena and sampling heterogeneities associated with opportunistic sampling could affect perceptions of biological responses to temperature fluctuations. The documentation that the coastally measured temperatures co-vary with those measured opportunistically in offshore areas suggests that the coastal data, which have been measured daily using standardized methods and instruments, contain much of the variability seen at larger spatial scales. We conclude that both types of time series can facilitate assessments of how species and ecosystems have responded to past temperature changes and how they may react to future temperature changes.     

海水温度对船用蒸汽喷射制冷机性能的影响

建立船用蒸汽喷射制冷机冷凝器的数学模型,分析海水温度变化对蒸汽喷射制冷机冷凝器性能的影响,并对该型机在不同温度条件下的制冷量进行定量计算与分析,为该型机的推广使用准备理论支持。     

原位生成TiCp增强钛基复合材料的高温氧化

针对钛基复合材料发展应用中的关键问题——高温氧化性能,通过800℃高温进行氧化实验得到了氧化增重特性,并利用扫描电镜SEM(Soanning Electron Microscope)、能谱仪EDS(Electronic Differential System)和X衍射XRD(X-ray Diffractometer)研究了钛基复合材料经氧化试验后表面氧化层的结构、相组成及成分。结果表明:钛基复合材料的氧化规律为抛物线规律,以Ti6Al为基的钛基复合材料比以纯钛为基的钛基复合材料具有更好的抗高温氧化性能,增强体含量越高,复合材料的抗氧化性越佳。TiC颗粒及其与基体的界面对复合材料的氧化物形成有重要的影响,Al原子的加入改变了材料的氧化机制。     

LNG/LPG船耐低温材料的焊接发展综述

液化天然气和液化石油气需要在低温条件下储存和运输,因此液舱(液罐)材料的耐低温性能和焊接性是保证结构安全的关键。文中以殷瓦钢、5083铝合金和304不锈钢为例,介绍了LNG船与LPG船使用的耐低温材料的种类和物理性能,在此基础上分析了这三种材料的焊接性,总结了殷瓦钢、5083铝合金和304不锈钢的焊接研究进展及发展趋势。     

基于正交—主元分析对柴油机燃烧参数匹配优化

基于电控化改造后的4190柴油机,利用AVL—FIRE软件建立天然气—柴油双燃料发动机燃烧室高压循环模型,并与原机进行验证。采用正交试验法以指示功率和NOX生成量为优化目标,并对燃烧参数进行匹配,进行仿真试验。利用主成分分析法对仿真结果进行优化分析,将优化结果与正交试验结果对比并最终代入模型进行检验。通过正交—主成分分析得出：柴油机运行参数对低温燃烧影响的主次顺序与正交试验设计基本一致,且具有更高的可靠性和准确度。优化后的参数为：天然气替代率45%,进气压力0.224MPa,EGR率12.5%,进气温度335.15K,喷油提前角22.7°对应的指示功率为37.83kW,NOX生成质量分数比原机降低78.73%,比极差分析最优组合降低10.92%。该优化方案在保证动力性的前提下可以有效地降低NOX排放。     

船用燃气轮机进气系统气动特性

  目的  研究风向变化对燃气轮机舷侧进气流场稳定性、均匀性、流动阻力损失的影响,通过仿真研究验证该形式是否满足燃气轮机的进气要求。  方法  采用CFX对燃气轮机进气流场进行数值模拟,通过设定不同的进气角度,对比不同进气状态下其对进气系统内流线分布、前进气百叶窗、侧进气百叶窗及进气系统出口的总压分布、前进气滤清器和侧进气滤清器截面的速度分布,研究不同进气方向下燃气轮机进气的均匀情况。  结果  仿真结果表明,进气角度的不同会导致前进气和侧进气的掺混剧烈程度不同,而在配置了该进气系统之后,前、侧进气角度不同引起的不均匀性在流经进气稳压室后会得到较大改善,从而使得下游流动更加均匀。  结论  研究结果对燃气轮机舷侧进气系统的设计具有一定的指导意义。     

红花二线船闸下闸首温控仿真分析

针对大型船闸易由温度控制不当产生温度裂缝从而破坏整体结构的问题,采用温度应力仿真的方法对其进行研究。综合考虑混凝土性能、边界条件、浇筑方案等诸多对船闸温度应力造成影响的因素,结合ANSYS自带的APDL语言进行二次开发,编写热力学参数命令流对红花二线船闸下闸首不同工况全过程瞬态温度场和应力场进行仿真分析。结果表明,采取降低浇筑温度并适当配合通水措施能有效控制其温度应力。总结出的大体积混凝温度应力计算和控制的流程,可成熟运用于实际工程。     

电厂取排水工程对淤泥质海床演变的影响研究

实测海床资料和模型试验表明,在天然条件下,淤泥质海床一般为微淤,年淤积厚度不超过1cm;在港池等工程修建后,港池附近水流更为集中,造成海床发生较大的冲刷;电厂取排水后,排水口附近发生较大冲刷,形成明显的冲刷坑,但影响范围较小.     

海滨电厂桥墩式取水口局部冲淤变化的工程计算方法

针对大型电厂海域取排水工程中桥墩式取水口的局部冲淤问题,从势流理论和柱状坐标系下床面变形方程出发,推导单个取水口的冲淤强度理论计算公式,并利用有限差分法离散笛卡尔坐标系下的床面变形方程,提出便于求解的冲淤场数值模拟方法.以某工程的海水冷却系统取水口为例,应用该理论公式和数学模型估算取水口附近的泥沙淤积情况取得较好效果,...     

水下航行体热尾流特性的技术融合

为得到红外探测水下航行体中全面的热尾流特性,提出一种技术融合的研究方法,即先将水下航行体排出的冷却水形成的热尾流近似为圆形断面的自由湍流热射流,在密度分层环境中,根据射流的积分方程建立热尾流特性的计算模型;再采用Runge-Kutta法进行数值仿真;最后利用含少量黑墨水的尾流流迹摄影、数字温度传感器多点测温和红外成像等技术进行融合实验研究。研究得到了热尾流浮升轨迹的发展、高度的增长、宽度的扩展、时间的增长、温度的分布和水面红外图像的变化等规律。仿真与实验结果的相符验证了研究方法的可行性。研究方法和所得结果有助于红外探测水下航行体技术的发展。