Vulnerability analysis for large-scale and congested road networks with demand uncertainty

To assess the vulnerability of congested road networks, the commonly used full network scan approach is to evaluate all possible scenarios of link closure using a form of traffic assignment. This approach can be computationally burdensome and may not be viable for identifying the most critical links in large-scale networks. In this study, an “impact area” vulnerability analysis approach is proposed to evaluate the consequences of a link closure within its impact area instead of the whole network. The proposed approach can significantly reduce the search space for determining the most critical links in large-scale networks. In addition, a new vulnerability index is introduced to examine properly the consequences of a link closure. The effects of demand uncertainty and heterogeneous travellers’ risk-taking behaviour are explicitly considered. Numerical results for two different road networks show that in practice the proposed approach is more efficient than traditional full scan approach for identifying the same set of critical links. Numerical results also demonstrate that both stochastic demand and travellers’ risk-taking behaviour have significant impacts on network vulnerability analysis, especially under high network congestion and large demand variations. Ignoring their impacts can underestimate the consequences of link closures and misidentify the most critical links.     

公路隧道景观照明设计

为解决公路隧道景观照明建设中过于强调景观性所带来的安全性、经济性等一系列争议和问题,首先,介绍公路隧道景观照明及国内外研究现状。其次,分析景观照明发展现状、趋势和主要问题,认为缺少科学合理的设计流程是目前部分项目出现较多问题的主要原因之一。然后,借鉴城市景观照明设计的思路和流程体系,将公路隧道的特殊性融入城市景观照明的设计流程和分析步骤,提出公路隧道景观照明设计体系,并在设计流程的介绍中从景观照明和交通工程等不同角度对目前公路隧道景观照明常见问题进行解构和分析,并给出具体的解决思路和建议。最后,提出尊重现实需求,理性看待公路隧道景观照明,以科学、合理的规划设计体制流程规范并引导行业良性发展的态度。     

In search of surrogate safety indicators for vulnerable road users: a review of surrogate safety indicators

Surrogate indicators are meant to be alternatives or complements of safety analyses based on accident records. These indicators are used to study critical traffic events that occur more frequently, making such incidents easier to analyse. This article provides an overview of existing surrogate indicators and specifically focuses on their merit for the analyses of vulnerable road users and the extent to which they have been validated by previous research. Each indicator is evaluated based on its ability to consider the collision risk, which can be further divided into the initial conditions of an event, the magnitude of any evasive action and the injury risk in any traffic event. The results show that various indicators and their combinations can reflect different aspects of any traffic event. However, no existing indicator seems to capture all aspects. Various studies have also focused on the validity of different indicators. However, due to the use of diverse approaches to validation, the large difference in how many locations were investigated and variations in the duration of observation at each location, it is difficult to compare and discuss the validity of the different surrogate safety indicators. Since no current indicator can properly reflect all the important aspects underlined in this article, the authors suggest that the choice of a suitable indicator in future surrogate safety studies should be made with considerations of the context-dependent suitability of the respective indicator.     

Emission rates of intermodal rail/road and road-only transportation in Europe: A comprehensive simulation study

Intermodal rail/road transportation combines advantages of both modes of transport and is often seen as an effective approach for reducing the environmental impact of freight transportation. This is because it is often expected that rail transportation emits less greenhouse gases than road transportation. However, the actual emissions of both modes of transport depend on various factors like vehicle type, traction type, fuel emission factors, payload utilization, slope profile or traffic conditions. Still, comprehensive experimental results for estimating emission rates from heavy and voluminous goods in large-scale transportation systems are hardly available so far. This study describes an intermodal rail/road network model that covers the majority of European countries. Using this network model, we estimate emission rates with a mesoscopic model within and between the considered countries by conducting a large-scale simulation of road-only transports and intermodal transports. We show that there are high variations of emission rates for both road-only transportation and intermodal rail/road transportation over the different transport relations in Europe. We found that intermodal routing is more eco-friendly than road-only routing for more than 90% of the simulated shipments. Again, this value varies strongly among country pairs.     

Tradable credits for managing car travel: a review of empirical research and relevant behavioural approaches

Recently, there has been a surge of interest in Tradable Credits (TC) as an alternative measure to manage the growth of personal car use. This paper summarises the results and methodologies of studies that have sought to anticipate the behavioural responses to several proposed TC schemes that target personal travel. In a critical reflection on this work and in an attempt to inspire future research, we argue that future empirical studies on TC behaviours can greatly benefit from insights from the fields of behavioural economics and cognitive psychology. Therefore, in the second part of the paper, we bring together behavioural concepts from these fields that are relevant in a TC decision-making context. Based on observations from current TC studies and the behavioural mechanisms identified in the second part of the paper, we propose promising directions for future research on understanding the impact of TC on personal car travel.     

多沙河道中的泥沙治理

为解决多沙河道中淤积泥沙资源化利用困难和生态景观差的问题,以嘎斯汰河泥沙治理为例,分析水沙过程及河床演变规律,采用梯级跌水沉沙和景观坝相结合的方法治理泥沙,能够在洪水期上拦粗沙以资源化利用,下排细沙以改善淤积形态;在非洪水期中下段实现清水满槽,提高了植物成活率,对水生态系统的构建有重要意义,并为后续工程提供借鉴。     

海堤内坡种植防护林的安全影响分析及尺度论证

海堤从外海堤脚至内侧护堤之间的滩涂围垦空间,既是陆地边缘,也是水的边缘。外侧可构建滨海景观,内侧结合随塘河形成亲水景观,具有得天独厚的优势。内侧平台的防护林及景观有机结合,可构建人们休闲旅游的"黄金绿带"。结合台州某海堤生态提升工程,提出海堤生态提升总体技术方案,重点对海堤内坡种植景观防护林对海堤安全的影响进行分析,明确种植平台高程、尺度布置等主要技术参数,为类似海堤生态改造工程提供参考。     

桥面防水粘结层性能试验分析

采用室内剪切试验和拉拔试验,分析桥面防水粘结层材料性能,认为层间抗剪强度及粘结强度受温度影响大,并且随着试验环境温度的升高而减小.现场拉拔试验研究了不同温度下4种粘结层材料与桥面板的粘结强度变化规律,其粘结强度同样随着试验环境温度的升高而减小.研究表明,剪切试验与拉拔试验结果能够综合评价高、低温情况下沥青混合料与粘结层的整体性能,还可以作为桥面粘结层是否满足抗剪要求的验证指标.     

辽宁省东部山区公路边沟设计降雨重现期的确定

本文分析了现行公路排水规范在设计降雨重现期方面规定的不足之处,结合辽宁省东部山区的实际降雨资料,经过计算和分析,得出了符合辽宁省东部山区公路自身特点的设计降雨重现期.     

乳化沥青冷再生基层施工工艺及质量控制

依托江西九景（九江-景德镇）高速公路旧沥青路面大修试验路工程,分析掺加水泥的乳化沥青冷再生机理,对乳化沥青厂拌冷再生基层施工技术及质量控制进行深入探讨,可为省内外高等级公路沥青混合料冷再生技术的利用提供理论和技术支撑。