国产磁浮列车外形气动性能分析

基于上海TR08磁浮列车的头部外形,设计了4种国产流线型磁浮列车头部外形。采用大型流场计算软件CFX对5种不同头部外形列车的空气阻力、升力进行计算,并对5种外形的列车交会压力波进行了数值分析。通过对不同外形磁浮列车空气动力性能的分析,提出了国产化磁浮列车气动外形的流线型头部长度取6～7 m,采用单拱,并适当提高纵剖面轮廓线高度的设计原则。     

Analysis of wheel speed vibrations for road friction classification

ABSTRACT

With higher level of vehicle automation, it becomes increasingly important to know the maximum possible tyre forces during normal driving. An interesting method in this respect is estimating the tyre–road friction from the resonance peak in the wheel speed signal, excited by road roughness. A simulation environment using the MF-Swift tyre model is proposed, which gives insight in the correctness and functioning of this method. From implementing the estimation algorithm and considering the tyre torsional vibration system, it is concluded that frequencies and damping ratios can be estimated with reasonable accuracy and that the trends observed with changing road friction are consistent. Furthermore, the proposed simulation environment gives opportunity to investigate other issues like robustness of the estimation method to road roughness. Additionally, the tyre modelling aspect of the estimation method is analysed and improvements are proposed.     

润滑油对发动机曲轴摩擦功影响的仿真与试验研究

以某直列3缸汽油机为研究对象,利用 AVL EXCITE 软件建立了曲轴多体动力学仿真模型,通过台架试验,验证了该仿真模型的正确性,在此模型基础上分析了润滑油温度、供油压力以及润滑油种类对发动机曲轴摩擦功的影响规律。研究表明：指定条件下的曲轴摩擦损失功率仿真结果为106．6 W ,台架试验结果为102 W ,误差在5％以内,表明仿真模型具有相当的精度;当润滑油供油温度从40℃升高到110℃时,曲轴摩擦损失功率减小到最低,约为104 W ,当温度超过110℃后,摩擦损失增加,当温度上升到150℃时,摩擦损失功率达到140 W ,润滑条件急剧恶化;当轴承主油道入口压力从0．31 MPa 增加到0．4 MPa 时,曲轴摩擦功率减小约10 W ,且供油温度较低时润滑油供油压力对曲轴摩擦功率影响较大;曲轴摩擦功率随黏度的提高而增加,供油温度较低时,润滑油黏度对曲轴摩擦功率的影响较大。     

Circuit racing,track texture,temperature and rubber friction

ABSTRACT

Some general observations relating to tyre shear forces and road surfaces are followed by more specific considerations from circuit racing. The discussion then focuses on the mechanics of rubber friction. The classical experiments of Grosch are outlined and the interpretations that can be put on them are discussed. The interpretations involve rubber viscoelasticity, so that the vibration properties of rubber need to be considered. Adhesion and deformation mechanisms for energy dissipation at the interface between rubber and road and in the rubber itself are highlighted. The enquiry is concentrated on energy loss by deformation or hysteresis subsequently. Persson's deformation theory is outlined and the material properties necessary to apply the theory to Grosch's experiments are discussed. Predictions of the friction coefficient relating to one particular rubber compound and a rough surface are made using the theory and these are compared with the appropriate results from Grosch. Predictions from Persson's theory of the influence of nominal contact pressure on the friction coefficient are also examined. The extent of the agreement between theory and experiment is discussed. It is concluded that there is value in the theory but that it is far from complete. There is considerable scope for further research on the mechanics of rubber friction.     

Modelling polymer draft gears

This paper developed a new and simple approach to model polymer draft gears. Two types of polymer draft gears were modelled and compared with experimental data. Impact characteristics, in-train characteristics and frequency responses of these polymer draft gears were studied and compared with those of a friction draft gear. The impact simulations show that polymer draft gears can withstand higher impact speeds than the friction draft gear. Longitudinal train dynamics simulations show that polymer draft gears have significantly longer deflections than friction draft gears in normal train operations. The maximum draft gear working velocities are lower than 0.2?m/s, which are significantly lower than the impact velocities during shunting operations. Draft gears’ in-train characteristics are similar to their static characteristics but are very different from their impact characteristics; this conclusion has also been reached from frequency response simulations. An analysis of gangway bridge plate failures was also conducted and it was found that they were caused by coupler angling behaviour and long draft gear deflections.     

舰船弹性支撑推力轴承抗冲击特性研究

推力轴承传递的螺旋桨动态激励力可激发船体结构振动,是舰船重要的机械噪声源。采取弹性支承方式可降低推力轴承引起的噪声,但在受冲击载荷作用时,弹性支承的变形会导致推力轴承与轴系之间产生相对位移,从而影响轴系运行安全。为分析弹性支承推力轴承的抗冲击性能,建立了推进轴系及弹性支撑推力轴承和主机耦合模型,采用仿真分析的方法研究推力轴承的冲击响应。分析结果表明推力轴承的相对位移响应较大,近似等于最大许用位移值,通过改变隔振器刚度、支撑轴承刚度与位置等措施,可使推力轴承的相对位移响应满足舰船设备抗冲击要求,并改善轴系受力状态。     

基于梯度下降法的磁体变电阻在线计算方法研究

针对高稳定度平顶脉冲磁场控制技术对磁体电阻参数辨识的需求,提出了基于梯度下降法的磁体变电阻在线计算方法,可在仅测量磁体端口电压、电流幅值的条件下快速准确地计算磁体电阻瞬时值。分别给出了单线圈和耦合双线圈磁体两种结构下的变电阻在线计算模型,并对相应梯度控制系数的选取进行了分析。仿真结果表明提出的电阻计算方法响应速度高达10ms级,跟踪误差小于0.5mΩ,在测量系统中含有高频谐波和白噪声、测量瞬时值大幅波动的情况下,依然实现对磁体瞬时变化电阻值的快速准确跟踪。     

艇模水下阻力试验方法研究与数值验证

采用钢骨架外敷玻璃钢的结构加工设计Suboff标模,针对不同的剑型以及剑艇连接方式,采用浅浸深方式开展艇模水下阻力试验,分析不同剑型与连接方式所带来的结果差异,并将其结果与ITTC公布的试验数据进行对比,最后在数值仿真的基础上,通过观察不同速度下的流场流速以及压力分布情况,分析连接剑装置对艇流场的影响。     

水润滑材料研究进展

材料服役于水环境中,其摩擦磨损行为不仅与摩擦副材料本身的性质有关,还与载荷、速度、温度等因素相关,同时也与所处的环境有很大关系。本文重点阐述水环境对材料摩擦磨损性能的影响机制。在此基础上,进一步讨论材料在水溶液中的摩擦磨损行为。     

基于SVR近似模型的潜水器外形优化

流体仿真软件在船舶与海洋结构物概念设计阶段应用广泛。针对潜器外形设计过程中,仿真分析往往需要耗费大量的时间成本,无法直接与优化器结合的问题,本文研究基于支持向量回归机（Support Vector Regres-sion, SVR）的潜器外形优化方法,包括拉丁超立方试验设计选取样本点、基于 ICEM的潜器参数化建模和网格自动划分、基于 Fluent的阻力计算及 SVR模型的构造。采用改进的粒子群算法求解潜器外形优化设计问题,得到了阻力性能优良的潜器外形。