Gendered immobility: influence of social roles and local context on mobility decisions in Pakistan

This paper examines the instances of one-day immobility in Pakistan and reports its socio-demographic determinants using the nationally representative dataset of the 2007 Pakistan Time Use Survey. Of 37,830 time diary respondents, nearly 30% did not report travel during the diary day. Homemakers and those out of the workforce were more likely to be immobile than employed or student respondents. Immobility rates were very high among women (55%) as compared to men (4%). Among women, those between 20 and 34 years of age, married, with children, having better education, dependent on other household members and those living in higher income households were more likely to be immobile. The excessive gender nature of immobility seems to be triggered by a gender-based sociocultural environment, which restricts female mobility due to family honor concerns. Other than this, those living in the provinces of Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa or in urban areas were more likely to be immobile than those living in Punjab and Sindh provinces or in rural areas. The significant geographic effect at broader spatial scale is caused by the demographic structure as well as due to differences in the social and cultural context of these areas. Finally, questions regarding the measurement of immobility and the potential implications of increased female immobility are discussed.     

真空预压下考虑排水板淤堵行为的修正砂井固结理论

从准三维固结理论出发,根据排水板在地基排水固结中的空间性及特殊荷载条件,推导出真空预压条件下的砂井固结理论。考虑到实际工程中排水板的淤堵行为对地基固结存在影响,分别进行梯度比试验及单井模型试验,结合试验结果建立考虑淤堵行为影响的修正砂井固结理论。通过对比理论计算值与模型试验实测值,验证土体的超孔压实测变化曲线与理论曲线有良好的吻合度,理论计算公式能有效反映排水板在不同淤堵程度下对地基固结发展的影响。提出的修正砂井固结理论可为相关真空预压软基处理工程推广使用,做出更贴近实际的理论计算。     

公交车驾驶人组织认同感和工作倦怠对不良驾驶行为的影响

公共交通是城市道路交通运输系统中的重要组成部分,公交车驾驶人存在的不良驾驶行为已经成为影响交通安全的最大制约因素之一,由其引发的道路交通事故给个人和社会都造成了严重损失,探索更为安全的公共交通环境显得极为重要。以公交车驾驶人为对象,探究影响公交车驾驶人驾驶行为特征的个人心理因素和组织环境因素,及其对不良驾驶行为的内在影响机制。选用工作倦怠量表（MBI-GS）、组织认同感问卷（OIQ）及驾驶行为问卷（DBQ）对844名城市公交车驾驶人展开问卷调查研究,并使用回归分析和中介检验来探究工作倦怠和组织认同感对驾驶行为的影响机制。结果表明：①32.8%的公交车驾驶人存在不良驾驶行为,错误驾驶行为显著高于违法驾驶行为。其中,在违法维度中,侵略性违法显著高于普通违法。②公交车驾驶人存在较高的组织认同感,组织认同感对不良驾驶行为具有显著的负向预测作用,对工作倦怠程度具有显著的负向预测作用;工作倦怠程度对不良驾驶行为具有显著的正向预测作用。③公交车驾驶人的工作倦怠水平在组织认同感对不良驾驶行为的影响中起到部分中介作用。该结果厘清了公交车驾驶人的工作倦怠和组织认同感对不良驾驶行为的影响机制,为进一步探究不良驾驶行为的心理干预方法提供了思路,从而达到改善城市道路公共交通安全环境的目标。     

全预制轻型预应力UHPC薄壁盖梁抗剪性能试验

为解决桥梁装配式施工中传统混凝土盖梁自重过大、整体吊装困难的难题,提出全预制轻型部分预应力超高性能混凝土（Ultra-high-performance Concrete,UHPC）薄壁盖梁的设计方案。为研究UHPC薄壁盖梁的斜截面抗裂性能及抗剪承载力,完成1根相似比1：2的大比例UHPC薄壁盖梁共2次模型试验,获得模型从加载到破坏全过程的开裂和破坏荷载、裂缝和变形分布规律等关键试验结果;分析梁体应变、预应力、裂缝的分布规律,考虑UHPC的应变硬化特征,基于材料力学公式提出斜截面开裂剪力的理论计算方法,考虑UHPC结构裂缝分布和结构形状系数等,提出斜裂缝宽度的计算公式。按照不同规范对UHPC盖梁抗剪承载力进行计算对比,以法国UHPC规范为基础,对比分析UHPC基体、箍筋、钢纤维及纵筋销栓作用对结构抗剪承载能力的影响程度。研究结果表明：计算结果与模型的开裂剪力以及裂缝宽度吻合良好;各国规范均低估了UHPC结构的抗剪承载能力;提出的UHPC盖梁具有自重轻、施工快捷等特点,充分利用了UHPC的超高抗拉性能和应变硬化特征,具有优异的斜截面抗裂性能以及抗剪性能;建议取消弯起钢筋、适当增加预应力筋,浇筑UHPC时应增设抗浮措施等。研究成果可为UHPC盖梁的应用提供参考。     

螺栓锈蚀对盾构隧道接头抗弯性能的影响研究

为研究螺栓锈蚀对隧道服役性能的影响,通过考虑不同荷载类型和偏心距的情况,采用数值模拟的方法对连接螺栓锈蚀后盾构隧道接头极限承载力和抗弯刚度的变化进行分析,并与模型试验数据进行对比。通过对比分析发现： 1）螺栓锈蚀后受压区混凝土和螺栓屈服时的接头弯矩有所降低,结构弹性极限降低。2）在结构弹性阶段,螺栓锈蚀基本不会影响管片的接头抗弯性能; 在塑性阶段,螺栓锈蚀会使接头的变形增大,接头抗弯刚度降低。3）螺栓锈蚀会降低接头的极限承载力,极限承载力的退化程度与螺栓锈蚀率有关,与螺栓锈蚀范围的大小无关; 在负弯矩工况中,螺栓锈蚀还会改变接头的破坏状态。     

表层嵌贴CFRP-混凝土结构的黏结性能研究

为研究嵌贴的CFRP与混凝土间的黏结性能及黏结滑移关系,对22个嵌贴CFRP加固混凝土棱柱体试件进行了单剪拔出试验,考察了混凝土强度、槽宽、槽边距、树脂保护层厚度、及构件截面尺寸等因素对嵌贴CFRP-混凝土界面的黏结承载力、破坏模式、黏结刚度、黏结滑移关系等性能的影响;在试验结果基础上提出了含残余摩擦段的三段式黏结滑移关系模型,进而明确了混凝土强度与槽边距等因素与峰值黏结应力等模型特征参数的相关性,最终在上述工作基础上建立了首次考虑混凝土强度、槽宽、槽边距等多因素影响的黏结滑移关系模型。研究结果表明：所考察的各因素对嵌贴CFRP与混凝土界面的黏结性能及黏结滑移关系存在显著影响;运用最小二乘法得到的含特征参数的黏结滑移关系模型对界面断裂能的预测精度优于现有其他模型;所建立的考虑多因素影响的黏结滑移关系模型预测的峰值黏结剪应力与文献试验实测值的相关系数为0.65,预测精度较高。     

PP-ECC用于墩底塑性铰区域的抗震性能试验

为增强桥墩的抗震能力,探讨塑性铰区域采用聚丙烯纤维水泥基复合材料（PP-ECC）桥墩的抗震性能和损伤容限,设计并制作3个剪跨比为7的钢筋混凝土高墩试件,其中2个桥墩试件的塑性铰区域采用不同高度的PP-ECC材料,1个普通混凝土桥墩为对比试件。基于低周反复荷载试验获得桥墩试件开裂过程、破坏形态和水平力-位移滞回曲线等试验结果,对比分析墩底潜在塑性铰区采用不同PP-ECC高度对桥墩延性、承载力、耗能以及刚度等抗震性能指标的影响,并与普通混凝土桥墩的抗震性能指标进行对比分析。研究结果表明：与普通混凝土桥墩相比,采用PP-ECC材料可以明显改善桥墩的破坏形态,控制裂缝的宽度和发展,提高桥墩的损伤容限;局部使用PP-ECC材料可以提高桥墩的位移延性系数,该构件具有良好的变形能力和抗倒塌能力;相对普通混凝土桥墩,PP-ECC桥墩的滞回曲线面积更大且滞回环更加饱满,骨架曲线下降段较为平缓,承载能力和刚度退化缓慢,耗能能力提高了20%;PP-ECC材料高度增加1倍,桥墩位移延性系数提高了15.2%,能量耗散系数变化不大,试件的侧移刚度有一定的提高,刚度退化变缓;墩底PP-ECC材料与普通混凝土相交的界面未出现剪切滑移现象,可见PP-ECC材料的黏结性较好,可以保证2种材料协同受力,共同工作。     

大跨度混凝土斜拉桥拆除方案设计

上海泖港大桥老桥为(85+200-85)m双塔双索面预应力混凝土斜拉桥,采用塔梁固结、塔墩分离的结构体系.随着航道等级提升,该桥桥下净空无法满足通航需求,且原结构损伤较为严重,对其进行拆除.考虑紧邻新建主桥、老桥斜拉索损伤等不利影响,提出一套以“先上后下、逆序拆除”为原则的拆除方案,依次对桥面系、主梁、斜拉索、桥塔和下...     

Advances in consumer electric vehicle adoption research: A review and research agenda

In spite of the purported positive environmental consequences of electrifying the light duty vehicle fleet, the number of electric vehicles (EVs) in use is still insignificant. One reason for the modest adoption figures is that the mass acceptance of EVs to a large extent is reliant on consumers’ perception of EVs. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the drivers for and barriers against consumer adoption of plug-in EVs, as well as an overview of the theoretical perspectives that have been utilized for understanding consumer intentions and adoption behavior towards EVs. In addition, we identify gaps and limitations in existing research and suggest areas in which future research would be able to contribute.     

Behavior of taxi customers in hailing vacant taxis: a nested logit model for policy analysis

This study models and examines the taxi customers' preferences for hailing vacant taxis on streets. A stated preference survey was conducted to randomly select and interview 1242 taxi customers at taxi stands and pedestrians on streets, who had experiences of taking taxis recently, about their choices under different given hypothetical scenarios. In total, 4968 observations were collected and used for developing the discrete choice models for the analysis. To account for the potential correlations among alternatives, two nested logit models are developed, calibrated, and compared with a standard multinomial logit model in the investigation. The results of likelihood ratio test demonstrate that one of the developed nested logit models is better than the standard multinomial logit model to describe the search behavior of taxi customers. The model results also show that the walking time to and the waiting time at the location for hailing taxis, the extra travel time to the destination because of local circulation for finding a way from the pickup location heading to a passenger's destination, as well as the taxi customers' perceptions for walking to and waiting at taxi stands were found as significant factors to influence their decisions. In addition, the results of market segmentation analysis illustrate the variations in taxi‐search strategies of taxi customers in different districts and regions. Some policy implications on introducing more taxi stands and improving the utilization rates of taxi stands are also discussed. We believe that the proposed models, findings, and discussion are useful for developing micro‐simulation models to evaluate the performance of road traffic networks with taxi services and developing simulation‐based optimization models to answer policy questions related to taxi services. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.