Ecologically based hybrid life cycle analysis of continuously reinforced concrete and hot-mix asphalt pavements

An ecologically-based hybrid life cycle assessment model is used to evaluate the resource consumption and atmospheric emissions of continuously reinforced concrete and a hot-mix asphalt pavements. The cumulative mass and ecological resource consumption values are lower for continuously reinforced concrete, but the median values of cumulative energy and industrial energy consumption were lower for hot-mix asphalt. In addition, the use of reclaimed asphalt pavement results in a higher sensitivity for the ecological resource consumption of hot-mix asphalt compared to that of fly ash when use on the natural capital utilization of continuously reinforced concrete pavement. The cumulative and industrial exergy consumption values are significantly reduced with increases in reclaimed asphalt pavement and fly ash, and the use of low fuel transportation modes.     

X80管线钢管的屈强比对其失效评估曲线的影响

X80及以上级别管线钢管的高屈强比是工程应用中的一个突出问题,失效评估曲线是其安全评定的重要依据。文中通过单轴拉伸和断裂韧性试验建立了高屈强比X80管线钢管的特征失效评估图及拟合方程。结果表明：随着钢管屈强比升高,失效评估曲线的截至线（最大载荷比）降低;高、低屈强比钢管的评估曲线在载荷比大于某一临界值时发生分离,且高屈强比钢管的评估曲线处于低屈强比钢管的评估曲线之下;高屈强比钢管的选择3评估曲线比选择1和选择2曲线更偏于安全。     

地下工程平衡稳定理论再研究

目前,地下工程结构在计算分析方面主要采用传统松弛荷载理论（类似荷载结构法）和数值分析法;在合理结构构造、施工工法等方面主要采用岩承理论（类似地层结构法）,这些已有理论或方法隐含“变形协调控制”假定,实际应用中往往将这些假定忽视,因而需进一步发展新的理论方法以适应实际应用的需求。在大量工程实践和试验的基础上,揭示地下工程有效承载结构层与围岩荷载转移规律之间的关联性,建立地下工程平衡稳定理论,此理论既能反映传统“松弛荷载理论”和现代“岩承理论”的基本内容,又能拓宽平衡稳定性等内容,是地下工程平衡稳定性的新认识、新理念; 同时提出能量控制技术、预支护技术、受力独立性综合技术、变形协调控制技术4项关键技术。将这些技术合理地运用到实际工程施工中,将便于利用已有或新成果分类预防和控制地下工程质量和安全,为解决新型地下工程问题提供新的依据。     

Risk assessment framework for exposure of cargo and ports to natural hazards and climate extremes

There is an increase in risks and catastrophic losses in maritime transport including ports and cargo. Significant losses have been associated with large scale natural hazards, such as earthquakes, tsunami, cyclones, and other extreme weather events. This paper identifies the main gaps in understanding maritime risks in transportation research. The gaps are attributed to insufficient empirical work available from the maritime transport and logistics research community to guide multi-risk and natural hazards impact assessment on seaport and cargo. In addition, disaster studies communities have barely made adequate efforts to understand and assess port and cargo risks arising from multi-hazards and disaster events. This paper examines existing conceptual frameworks concerning exposure and risk assessments of natural catastrophe’s impacts. Furthermore, the paper identifies trends and gaps in risk assessment frameworks in the field of disaster studies that can be beneficial for maritime risk research. The authors propose a new risk assessment framework that can guide future research and multi-hazard risk assessment processes at different scales of maritime risks.     

Electric vehicles for greenhouse gas reduction in China: A cost-effectiveness analysis

There have been ongoing debates over whether battery electric vehicles contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in China’s context, and if yes, whether the greenhouse gas emissions reduction compensates the cost increment. This study informs such debate by examining the life-cycle cost and greenhouse gas emissions of conventional vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and battery electric vehicles, and comparing their cost-effectiveness for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The results indicate that under a wide range of vehicle and driving configurations (range capacity, vehicle use intensity, etc.), battery electric vehicles contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions compared with conventional vehicles, although their current cost-effectiveness is not comparable with hybrid electric vehicles. Driven by grid mix optimization, power generation efficiency improvement, and battery cost reduction, the cost-effectiveness of battery electric vehicles is expected to improve significantly over the coming decade and surpass hybrid electric vehicles. However, considerable uncertainty exists due to the potential impacts from factors such as gasoline price. Based on the analysis, it is recommended that the deployment of battery electric vehicles should be prioritized in intensively-used fleets such as taxis to realize high cost-effectiveness. Technology improvements both in terms of power generation and vehicle electrification are essential in improving the cost-effectiveness of battery electric vehicles.     

Environmental impacts of public transport systems using real-time control method

Public Transport (PT) systems rely more and more on online information extracted from both operator’s intelligent equipment and user’s smartphone applications. This allows for a better fit between supply and demand of the multimodal PT system, especially through the use of PT real-time control actions/tactics. In doing so there is also an opportunity to consider environmental-related issues to approach energy saving and reduced pollution. This study investigates and analyses the benefits of using real-time PT operational tactics in reducing the undesirable environmental impacts. A tactic-based control (TBC) optimization model is used to minimize total passenger travel time and maximize direct transfers (without waiting). The model consists of a control policy built upon a combination of three tactics: holding, skip-stops, and boarding limit. The environmental-related measure is the global warming potential (GWP) using the life cycle assessment technique. The methodology developed is applied to a real life case study in Auckland, New Zealand. Results show that TBC could reduce the GWP by means of reduction of total passenger travel times and vehicle travel cycle time. That is, the TBC model results in a 5.6% reduction in total GWP per day compared with an existing no-tactic scenario. This study supports the use of real-time control actions to maintain a reliable PT service, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and subsequently moving towards greener PT systems.     

大型C型独立液货罐Y型接头疲劳强度评估

随着C型独立液货罐的新技术发展,目前在工业界推出了采用双体罐和三体罐构造形式的新颖大型C型独立液货罐。由于双体罐和三体罐构造的要求,在相邻罐体连接处设有Y型接头。该Y型接头位置处由于结构件交汇,构造复杂、应力集中,在船舶运动、蒸汽压力变化,以及温度变化的动载作用下有可能发生疲劳损伤。本文对新颖大型C型独立液货罐Y型接头疲劳强度评估方法的规范技术要求及制定开展了深入详尽的研究,包括对C型独立液货罐疲劳损伤计算工况择取,液货内部动压力计算公式推导,蒸气压力、温度变化等低周疲劳载荷模式确定等,创新提出一整套基于热点应力的C型独立液货罐Y型接头的疲劳损伤评估方法的规范实施要求。进一步地,还推导了基于一般实际情况假设下的C型独立液货罐Y型接头疲劳评估筛分准则,并应用本文上述研究成果和结论,进行了双体和三体罐Y型接头疲劳评估和筛分准则的应用与验证。     

自升式风电安装平台插桩过程中的耦合作用

以某自升式风电安装平台和其临近的固定平台为研究对象,探讨风电安装平台桩靴入泥带来的挤土荷载与环境荷载的耦合作用对平台桩基强度的影响。分析结果表明:在靠近泥面一定范围之内,在进行导管架钢桩设计时必须考虑挤土荷载与环境荷载的耦合作用,以满足导管架平台桩基的强度要求。     

航道治理建设规划环境影响识别及指标体系建立

针对航道治理建设规划环境影响识别及指标体系建立问题,对长江干线"十三五"航道治理建设规划环境影响评价成果进行分析研究,采用系统分析、生态因子识别、生态影响判别等方法,得出规划要素与资源、环境要素之间的关系,并结合环境目标提出评价指标体系,可为航道规划环境影响评价提供参考和借鉴。     

动态载荷识别的自适应延迟逆模型方法

为减小载荷识别问题对原系统先验知识的依赖,采用系统的自适应延迟逆模型识别时域载荷。采用自适应算法辨识延迟逆模型,代替了一般识别方法中的系统特性矩阵求逆过程,避免了病态问题。随后将工作状态下的响应作为逆模型的输入,则其输出就是时域载荷的延迟估计。通过对两端简支梁结构进行载荷识别的仿真研究,以及对双层隔振试验台架的试验研究,识别了稳态激励和瞬态激励,验证了该方法的有效性。该方法不需要了解系统的数学模型及参数,因此能够应用于工程实践中。