我国铁路能源利用效率和节能减排分析研究

铁路是我国综合运输体系的骨干,对社会经济的发展具有基础支撑作用。通过铁路、公路、民航和水运等交通运输方式能耗的比较,铁路单位换算周转量能耗较低（仅比水运高）;通过分析全路机车牵引综合能耗情况、以及往年内燃机车、电力机车能耗情况,说明了铁路牵引动力结构的变化使铁路能源利用效率得到了提高,发展铁路运输对于改善交通运输业的能源结构及能源使用效率将起到积极的推动作用;铁路借助其在能效方面的比较优势,通过替代其他运输方式以及自身能效的提高从而达到节能减排的目的,对实现我国低碳经济做出了重大的贡献。     

基于Cross-efficiency DEA的中间站运营绩效分析

根据传统DEA存在的局限性,在有关文献研究的基础上,提出了基于Cross-efficiency DEA模型的中间站绩效分析方法,在调查收集影响中间站运营绩效基础数据的基础上,利用灰色关联分析法提取了评价指标体系,采用Cross-efficiency DEA模型对中间站运营绩效进行了分析、评价和测算,并运用MATLAB软件编程进行了求解,获得了各中间站源配置效率的排序,在对非DEA有效的决策单元进行投影分析的基础上,识别出影响决策单元运营绩效的关键因素,为改进非DEA有效决策单元提供了一个可行方案.最后利用实例验证了该模型的有效性、科学性,分析结果表明:Cross-efficiency DEA模型基本能够反映决策单元运行效率的现实状况.     

我国城市轨道交通车辆选配实践及建议

分析国内轨道交通车辆选配的现状,指出车辆选配主要集中在常规制式车型上,虽与城市轨道交通发展的客观条件和基本需求相适应,但也存在基于预测客流选配车辆的盲目性、相互攀比性以及忽视车辆综合拥有成本、保持适度规模与适度组合等问题。因此,提出城市轨道交通车辆按线网层级划分的选配理论及优先发展策略,为今后的城市轨道交通车辆选配提供清晰的思路及合理的工作路径。     

莫斯科地铁的特点及对我国地铁的启示

全面介绍莫斯科地铁在线网规模、车站设计、运营组织等方面的理念及特点,详细分析莫斯科地铁客流量大、运营效率高的原因,以期为我国未来地铁发展提供借鉴.     

150系列柴油机模锻件选材的经济性问题

以150系列大功率高速水冷柴油机的齿轮、气门、曲轴、气缸套等模锻件为研究对象,论述柴油机模锻零部件选材的经济性问题,阐明其选材应满足经济性要求的必要性和重要性。     

全液压推土机关键技术参数研究

研究了全液压推土机的关键技术参数———滑转率、效率、牵引比和比功率。通过分析牵引效率在滑转曲线上的配置,给出了全液压推土机的额定滑转率为12%～15%。从理论和试验两个方面深入分析了压力和排量对泵—马达系统效率的影响,得到了典型泵—马达效率的试验数据拟合公式。在对全液压推土机驱动系统的匹配目标设计时,除了满足扭矩和功率上的匹配要求外,还应考虑整机的效率。变量泵的变化范围最好控制在βp=0.4～1,变量马达的变化范围最好控制在βm=0.3～1,才能保证整机有较好的牵引性能。通过对典型全液压推土机的统计分析,确定牵引比均值为1.48,比功率为7.2kW/t,具体取值应该稍大于或等于该均值。     

新的发动机燃烧方式--均质充量压燃燃烧(HCCI)

在往复式发动机中，除了火花点燃式燃烧和柴油压燃燃烧的运转方式外还有第3种运转方式，即均质充量压燃燃烧（HCCI）．HCCI模式发动机的运转情况被认为是高效和稳定的。在部分负荷工况下可以大幅度降低NOx的排放．把HCCI燃烧应用到发动机方面尽管仍有一些困难．但HCCI燃烧方式表明在发动机应用的巨大替力，本文将阐述HCCI与传统发动机燃烧方式的不同及其未来的展望。     

Greenhouse gas emissions from ships in ports – Case studies in four continents

Emissions of GHG from the transport sector and how to reduce them are major challenges for policy makers. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the level of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ships while in port based on annual data from Port of Gothenburg, Port of Long Beach, Port of Osaka and Sydney Ports. Port call statistics including IMO number, ship name, berth number and time spent at berth for each ship call, were provided by each participating port. The IMO numbers were used to match each port call to ship specifications from the IHS database Sea-web. All data were analysed with a model developed by the IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute for the purpose of quantifying GHG emissions (as CO₂-equivalent) from ships in the port area. Emissions from five operational modes are summed in order to account for ship operations in the different traffic areas. The model estimates total GHG emissions of 150,000, 240,000, 97,000, and 95,000 tonnes CO₂ equivalents per year for Gothenburg, Long Beach, Osaka, and Sydney, respectively. Four important emission-reduction measures are discussed: reduced speed in fairway channels, on-shore power supply, reduced turnaround time at berth and alternative fuels. It is argued that the potential to reduce emissions in a port area depends on how often a ship revisits a port: there it in general is easier to implement measures for high-frequent liners. Ships that call 10 times or less contribute significantly to emissions in all ports.     

模拟计算法在重型车辆燃油经济性标准中的应用研究

随着节能减排压力的日益严重,世界各国均开始制定重型车辆的燃油经济性标准。在对重型车燃油经济性的测量方面,模拟计算法由于操作简单、可重复性好、成本低的优点越来越受到行业的重视,在日本、中国和美国的标准中都得到了应用。本文在分析模拟计算法测量车辆燃油经济性的原理基础上,对比研究了日本、中国和美国标准中模拟计算法的应用情况,分析了各国在模拟计算法关键环节上策略的异同。     

An analysis of rail freight operational efficiency and mode share in the British port-hinterland container market

The growth in container shipping poses considerable challenges to efforts to reduce the negative externalities associated with freight transport. There are particular concerns about the impacts of the associated port-hinterland freight flows. Through empirical research, this paper examines trends in the operational efficiency of the British port-hinterland container rail freight market and to assess the impacts of any changes on the overall sustainability of this market. Original survey work conducted in 2007 and 2015 has allowed longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of the characteristics of this market.The survey findings reveal that rail’s mode share of port container throughput (in TEU) has increased from 14.7% in 2007 to 16.6% in 2015 and it is likely that its share of the associated hinterland activity has also risen. Rail was carrying 25% more TEU by 2015 without an increase in train service provision. Increases in mean train capacity and mean load factor were observed, leading to growth in the mean train load from 44 TEU in 2007 to 55 TEU in 2015. This considerable improvement in operational efficiency is expected to have reduced the negative externalities per unit of transport activity associated with the rail-borne hinterland container flows, though scope is identified for further improvements in sustainability.