Estimation of flow and density using probe vehicles with spacing measurement equipment

Probe vehicles provide some of the most useful data for road traffic monitoring because they can acquire wide-ranging and spatiotemporally detailed information at a relatively low cost compared with traditional fixed-point observation. However, current GPS-equipped probe vehicles cannot directly provide us volume-related variables such as flow and density. In this paper, we propose a new probe vehicle-based estimation method for obtaining volume-related variables by assuming that a probe vehicle can measure the spacing to its leading one. This assumption can be realized by utilizing key technologies in advanced driver assistance systems that are expected to spread in the near future. We developed a method of estimating the flow, density, and speed from the probe vehicle data without exogenous assumptions on traffic flow characteristics, such as a fundamental diagram. In order to quantify the characteristics of the method, we performed a field experiment at a real-world urban expressway by employing prototypes of the probe vehicles with spacing measurement equipment. The result showed that the proposed method could accurately estimate the 5 min and hourly traffic volumes with probe vehicle penetration rate of 3.5% and 0.2%, respectively.     

高速车辆动态脱轨临界状态评判方法

针对传统准静态脱轨系数指标监测高速车辆动态脱轨安全性时的局限性,提出基于车轮抬升量和轮对横移量、以轮对运动姿态决定的脱轨临界状态判断准则;建立高速车辆多刚体动力学模型,分析高速车辆动态脱轨非线性动力学特性,研究轮对运动姿态与车辆振动响应变化规律之间的关系,表明轮对横向振动加速度与车轮抬升量规律较一致;运用高速车辆动态脱轨评判方法进行评判时,首先采用轮对横向振动加速度移动均方根值作为评判车辆脱轨的指标,然后确定该指标能有效反映车轮抬升量变化时的滤波频率范围和滤波时间窗宽,最后确定该指标的合理限值。算例验证表明:该评判方法可有效监测动态脱轨安全性;轮对横向振动加速度移动均方根统计波形与车轮抬升量的变化趋势具有很高的同步性,不仅可以间接地反映轮对运动姿态的变化及车轮抬升的高度,还可以克服轮轨垂向力为零时脱轨系数失真的缺点,在评判高频动态脱轨时的可靠性更高。     

纯电动环卫车电驱动系统参数匹配研究

纯电动环卫车已成为城市日常生活的重要组成部分,为提高其动力性及作业效率,文章以一种基于平行轴变速箱与行星排集成的多模高效电驱动系统构型的纯电动环卫车为研究对象,首先对系统能够实现的模式进行了分析,其次以纯电动环卫车整车参数和动力性能为指标,分别匹配了驱动电机和作业电机峰值、额定功率、转矩及最高转速等参数,并搭建了整车动力学模型,通过仿真分析及系统台架进行爬坡和加速能力测试,证明系统参数匹配的有效性。     

Congestion mechanism and demand adjustment strategies for double-cell system with bottlenecks

In this paper, ramp systems on the Beijing 3rd ring road are described as double-cell ramp systems with a bottleneck. By analyzing empirical data for the Beijing 3rd ring road, we found that the initial states have an important impact on the final convergence states of the ramp systems. Then, we studied the dynamic process of the ramp systems, determined the congestion mechanism, and then designed a ramp control method based on the obtained mechanism. Under a feasible demand, double-cell ramp systems exhibit two typical cases, including an upstream-bottleneck system (in which the bottleneck cell is upstream) and a downstream-bottleneck system (in which the bottleneck cell is downstream). Then, a cell transmission model is used to analyze the dynamic evolution processes, starting from different initial states, and determine the congestion mechanism for each case. It is proven that the two systems have different possible equilibrium sets and congestion mechanisms. In an upstream-bottleneck system, the downstream always converges to the uncongested equilibrium, while the upstream bottleneck cell may experience congestion under certain initial states. In a downstream-bottleneck system, the congestion starts downstream, and then gradually propagates upstream. Furthermore, based on the different congestion mechanisms, two demand adjustment strategies are proposed, which redistribute the stationary feasible demand. The simulation results indicate that both systems can converge to uncongested equilibriums after demand adjustment. The ramp demand adjustment methods provide a scientific basis for urban traffic system management.     

A real-time system for monitoring driver fatigue

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a nonintrusive prototype computer vision system for real-time fatigue driving detection. First, we use Haar-like features to detect a driver’s face and conduct tracking by introducing an improved Camshift algorithm. Second, we propose a new eye-detection algorithm that combines the Adaboost algorithm with template matching to reduce computational costs and add an eye-validation process to increase the accuracy of the detection rate. Third, and different from other methods focusing on detecting eyes using the ‘bright pupil’ effect, which only works well only for certain constrained lighting conditions, our method detects and estimates the iris center in the hue (H) channel of the hue, saturation, value color space and fits the iris with an ellipse. After extracting the eye fatigue features, we calculate the PERCLOS measurement for fatigue evaluation. This system has been tested on the IMM Face Database, which contains more than 200 faces, and in a real-time test. The experimental results show that the system possesses good accuracy and robustness.     

A day-to-day route flow evolution process towards the mixed equilibria

This study investigates a travelers’ day-to-day route flow evolution process under a predefined market penetration of advanced traveler information system (ATIS). It is assumed that some travelers equipped with ATIS will follow the deterministic user equilibrium route choice behavior due to the complete traffic information provided by ATIS, while the other travelers unequipped with ATIS will follow the stochastic user equilibrium route choice behavior. The interaction between these two groups of travelers will result in a mixed equilibrium state. We first propose a discrete day-to-day route flow adjustment process for this mixed equilibrium behavior by specifying the travelers’ route adjustment principle and adjustment ratio. The convergence of the proposed day-to-day flow dynamic model to the mixed equilibrium state is then rigorously demonstrated under certain assumptions upon route adjustment principle and adjustment ratio. In addition, without affecting the convergence of the proposed day-to-day flow dynamic model, the assumption concerning the adjustment ratio is further relaxed, thus making the proposed model more appealing in practice. Finally, numerical experiments are conducted to illustrate and evaluate the performance of the proposed day-to-day flow dynamic model.     

船舶推进感应电机无速度传感器技术研究

将全阶状态观测器技术应用于船舶推进感应电机无速度传感器控制系统中,实现对推进电机转速的实时辨识.以定子电流和转子磁链为状态变量,构建全阶状态观测器.再以全阶状态观测器为可调模型,驱动电机为参考模型,使用模型参考自适应的方法对电机转速进行辨识.针对转速估算系统低速区域不稳定问题,设计出能保证系统在低速时保持稳定的反馈增益矩阵设计准则.在Matlab/Simulink仿真环境下进行仿真.     

The Next Step of Devising China's Legal Regime for Deep Seabed Mining—The Environmental Regulation under China's Deep Seabed Mining Law

The due diligence obligation of sponsoring states requires state parties to enact laws and take administrative measures to secure effective regulation of the contractors of deep seabed mining and ensure that the contractors comply with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and regulations issued by International Seabed Authority (ISA). China has invested significantly in the exploration and exploitation of the deep seabed resources in the Area and China enacted its deep seabed mining law (DSM Law) in 2016 to fulfill its due diligence obligation as a sponsoring state. Environmental regulation is an important part of devising the international legal regime of deep seabed mining, and the ISA has been in the process of drafting Environmental Regulations. It is the sponsoring states' obligation to ensure that the contractors comply with the environmental rules issued by the ISA. China's DSM Law has many provisions stating the environmental obligations of its contractors; however, these provisions are phrased in rather general terms. It is necessary for China to take the next step as a sponsoring state and promulgate its domestic environmental regulation under its DSM Law in order to further fulfill its due diligence obligation. A procedure-oriented approach should be adopted for drafting the environmental regulation under China's DSM Law. Ideally, the environmental regulation under China's DSM Law should specify the rights and obligations of the contractors and domestic regulatory agency, delineating the environmental measures that the contractors need to take in different stages of exploring and exploiting deep seabed resources in order to comply with the environmental rules issued by the ISA.     

Performability evaluation of the ERTMS/ETCS – Level 3

Level 3 of the ERTMS/ETCS improves the capacity of railways by replacing fixed-block signalling, which prevents a train to enter a block occupied by another train, with moving block signalling, which allows a train to proceed as long as it receives radio messages ensuring that the track ahead is clear of other trains. If messages are lost, a train must stop for safety reasons within a given deadline, even though the track ahead is clear, making the availability of the communication link crucial for successful operation.We combine analytic evaluation of failures due to burst noise and connection losses with numerical solution of a non-Markovian model representing also failures due to handovers between radio stations. In so doing, we show that handovers experienced by a pair of chasing trains periodically affect the availability of the radio link, making behavior of the overall communication system recurrent over the hyper-period of periodic message releases and periodic arrivals at cell borders. As a notable aspect, non-Markovian transient analysis within two hyper-periods is sufficient to derive an upper bound on the first-passage time distribution to an emergency brake, permitting to achieve a trade-off between railway throughput and stop probability. A sensitivity analysis is performed with respect to train speed and headway distance, permitting to gain insight into the consequences of system-level design choices.     

邻近地铁车站配套地下结构建造方案研究

北京地铁16号线稻香湖站配套的地下结构紧邻地铁车站北侧布置,并与车站北侧共用围护桩。由于两结构之间设置人防门和行人通道,需要截除共用围护桩。原设计的配套地下结构建造工序安排将会对地铁车站运营产生不利影响。考虑到对地铁车站运营产生影响的工序主要是共用围护桩的截除,提出的方案是:先完成配套地下结构的负二层结构浇筑,然后将负一层结构划分为3个建造单元,每个单元分别采用不同的建造方案。施工关键工况的数值模拟分析结果表明:分单元建造方案对配套地下结构中板受力状态等并没有产生明显的不利影响,围护桩的变形监测结果也表明分单元建造方案能够满足围护桩的安全要求。该配套地下结构建造方案已成功实施,为今后地铁车站配套地下结构建造方案设计提供参考。