带隔板单锥薄壁方管结构吸能特性研究和多目标优化

研究轴向静载荷工况下带隔板单锥薄壁方管的能量吸收特性和耐撞性优化设计。试验和数值仿真结果证明该结构的变形模式具有规律性和稳定性,并通过静载荷试验验证有限元模型。在此基础上建立响应面模型,探究该结构不同部位壁厚对其吸能特性的影响。研究结果表明:比吸能和初始峰值力受到外管壁厚的影响比隔板厚度的影响要大。为进一步优化带隔板单锥薄壁方管的吸能性能,以外管和隔板的厚度为设计变量,以比吸能和初始峰值力为优化函数进行多目标结构优化。结果表明,优化目标比吸能和初始峰值力相互冲突,吸能比的增加会导致初始峰值力的增加。优化结果可为地铁车辆的耐撞性提供良好的设计矩阵,以获得性能更好的吸能结构。     

轨道交通站点周边土地容积率确定方法研究——基于重庆轻轨鸳鸯站的实证分析

轨道交通站点周边土地容积率确定对土地价值影响重大。从TOD(交通引导发展)的基本理念出发,建立了以最大化土地增值、提升轨道交通客流、最优环境品质、土地最优均衡利用等四个目标为决策目标,以轨道交通站点周边土地容积率为决策变量的多目标决策模型,定量分析轨道交通站点周边土地的合理容积率。以重庆轻轨3号线鸳鸯站为例,对其周边土地容积率进行重新测算,并根据求解结果,建议适当提高开发强度,加强土地合理有效利用。     

壳管式换热器多目标模糊优化设计方法研究

应用优化技术结合模糊数学的理论和方法，建立了壳管式换热器多目标模糊优化计算模型，并通过实例计算证明了方法的可行性和优越性。     

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在分析了基于城市交通信息港的出行前最优路径选择问题的多目标属性的基础上，建立了出行前最优路径选择的多目标规划模型，模型所求得的解是综合最优路径，反映了城市交通出行者信息以及目标需求多样性的特点.设计了基于线性加权法的模型求解算法.通过算例初步验证了模型的合理性和有效性.     

A comparison between two pneumatic suspension architectures

The aim of this work is to assess and compare the mathematical models of two pneumatic suspension architectures and show how they can converge, after appropriate simplifications, to a general linear form. After making this model dimensionless, it will be used to study, with a transmissibility analysis, the behaviour of a mono-suspension (quarter-car model). Finally, an example of a design process will be shown to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of both architectures and to provide the reader with a practical design tool.     

Inverse identification of wheel–rail contact forces based on observation of wheel disc strains: an evaluation of three numerical algorithms

In this paper, three numerical algorithms for the identification of wheel–rail contact forces based on measured wheel disc strains on an instrumented railway wheelset are discussed and compared. The three algorithms include one approach resting on static calibration, one that is applying a Kalman filter and the third is exploiting an inverse identification scheme. To demonstrate and evaluate the alternative methods, two load cases including periodic excitation by sinusoidal wheel–rail irregularities and transient excitation by an insulated rail joint are considered. Based on a previously presented vehicle–track interaction model in the time domain, load scenarios are defined by taking the calculated vertical wheel–rail contact forces as the reference force to be re-identified by the proposed algorithms. The reference contact forces are applied on a finite element model of the wheel to generate synthetic observation data, that is, radial strains at the positions of the strain gauges, serving as input to the identification procedures. It is concluded that the inverse identification scheme leads to superior accuracy at higher computational cost. If on-line implementation and evaluation is required, the Kalman filter generates better accuracy than the static calibration approach.     

Design of an optimised wheel profile for rail vehicles operating on two-track gauges

This article sets out an optimum synthesis methodology for wheel profiles of railway vehicles in order to secure good dynamic behaviour with different track configurations. Specifically, the optimisation process has been applied to the case of rail wheelsets mounted on double-gauge bogies that move over two different gauges, which also have different types of rail: the Iberian gauge (1668 mm) and the International Union of Railways (UIC) gauge (1435 mm). Optimisation is performed using Genetic Algorithms and traditional optimisation methods in a complementary way. The objective function used is based on an ideal equivalent conicity curve which ensures good stability on straight sections and also proper negotiation of curves. To this end, the curve is constructed in such a way that it is constant with a low value for small lateral wheelset displacements (with regard to stability), and increases as the displacements increase (to facilitate negotiation of curved sections). Using this kind of ideal conicity curve also enables a wheel profile to be secured where the contact points have a larger distribution over the active contact areas, making wear more homogeneous and reducing stresses. The result is a wheel profile with a conicity that is closer to the target conicity for both gauges studied, producing better curve negotiation while maintaining good stability on straight sections of track. The article shows the resultant wheel profile, the contact curves it produces, and a number of dynamic analyses demonstrating better dynamic behaviour of the synthesised wheel on curved sections with respect to the original wheel.     

A comparison of various algorithms to extract Magic Formula tyre model coefficients for vehicle dynamics simulations

Tyre models are a prerequisite for any vehicle dynamics simulation. Tyre models range from the simplest mathematical models that consider only the cornering stiffness to a complex set of formulae. Among all the steady-state tyre models that are in use today, the Magic Formula tyre model is unique and most popular. Though the Magic Formula tyre model is widely used, obtaining the model coefficients from either the experimental or the simulation data is not straightforward due to its nonlinear nature and the presence of a large number of coefficients. A common procedure used for this extraction is the least-squares minimisation that requires considerable experience for initial guesses. Various researchers have tried different algorithms, namely, gradient and Newton-based methods, differential evolution, artificial neural networks, etc. The issues involved in all these algorithms are setting bounds or constraints, sensitivity of the parameters, the features of the input data such as the number of points, noisy data, experimental procedure used such as slip angle sweep or tyre measurement (TIME) procedure, etc. The extracted Magic Formula coefficients are affected by these variants. This paper highlights the issues that are commonly encountered in obtaining these coefficients with different algorithms, namely, least-squares minimisation using trust region algorithms, Nelder–Mead simplex, pattern search, differential evolution, particle swarm optimisation, cuckoo search, etc. A key observation is that not all the algorithms give the same Magic Formula coefficients for a given data. The nature of the input data and the type of the algorithm decide the set of the Magic Formula tyre model coefficients.     

Identification of nonlinear systems using modified particle swarm optimisation: a hydraulic suspension system

This paper presents a novel modified particle swarm optimisation (MPSO) algorithm to identify nonlinear systems. The case of study is a hydraulic suspension system with a complicated nonlinear model. One of the main goals of system identification is to design a model-based controller such as a nonlinear controller using the feedback linearisation. Once the model is identified, the found parameters may be used to design or tune the controller. We introduce a novel mutation mechanism to enhance the global search ability and increase the convergence speed. The MPSO is used to find the optimum values of parameters by minimising the fitness function. The performance of MPSO is compared with genetic algorithm and alternative particle swarm optimisation algorithms in parameter identification. The presented comparisons confirm the superiority of MPSO algorithm in terms of the convergence speed and the accuracy without the premature convergence problem. Furthermore, MPSO is improved to detect any changes of system parameters, which can be used for designing an adaptive controller. Simulation results show the success of the proposed algorithm in tracking time-varying parameters.     

基于分级多目标决策的干线公交速度引导模型

为解决干线公交速度引导存在多要素关联约束强，全局效果差的问题，本文提出基于分级多目标决策的干线公交速度引导模型。基于公交线路运行特性的全局优化指标优势分析，设计以公交线路综合准点率为主，交叉口停车次数和分段引导速度均衡为辅的线路全局优化目标体系，并考虑多目标间的关联约束和优先控制差异，构建基于拉格朗日乘子法和遗传算法分层组合的干线公交速度引导分级多目标递阶决策模型；最后，通过实际场景测试，验证模型的有效性。测试结果表明：模型能够克服非全局指标优化的局部最优问题，将全线路各班次综合准点率和交叉口停车次数由非全局指标的69.67%和2.37次 ⋅ 班-1 提升到90.53%和1.23次 ⋅ 班-1；并且综合准点率比全局多目标加权方法提升8.65%，能够较好保障综合准点率目标的优先性，有效提升干线公交的通行效率和服务可靠性。