高桥墩墩顶水平位移的计算与分析

考虑板式橡胶支座的弹性约束作用、地基弹性变形的影响,用能量法对高桥墩墩顶水平位移进行计算与分析;算例表明,对具有板式橡胶支座的弹性地基高桥墩的设计计算,支座对高桥墩弹性约束和地基的弹性变位影响不可忽视.     

SHT-2000灭火系统及其在地铁工程中的应用

对目前地铁中使用的哈龙(Halon)1301、FM200、烟络尽(Inergen)等气体灭火系统与一种新型气体灭火系统--SHT-2000型进行比较.介绍了SHT-2000型气体灭火系统的技术特点和优良性能.详细说明了气体型灭火检验标准与要求.指出SHT-2000型全淹没灭火系统是当前对Halon 1301的最佳替代品,这是一种适用于地铁工程的新型气体灭火技术.     

基于耗散伪应变能的沥青疲劳动力学表征

沥青的开裂和塑性变形是疲劳损伤过程中的2个耦合子进程。为了分离沥青在疲劳损伤阶段的开裂子进程及塑性变形子进程及寻求疲劳损伤进程与2个子进程的关联特征指标,基于能量力学法及动力学理论研究沥青的疲劳损伤进程、开裂子进程及塑性变形子进程。首先采用能量力学法从沥青疲劳损伤阶段不同温度下的累积总耗散伪应变能（DPSE）分离出开裂导致的累积耗散伪应变能（DPSE_c）及塑性变形引起的累积耗散伪应变能（DPSE_p）;然后采用三参数模型来匹配沥青疲劳损伤进程、开裂及塑性变形子进程的耗散伪应变能,获得了能够定量描述能量耗散演变快慢的特征能量变化率;最后基于动力学理论建立沥青疲劳损伤阶段的特征能量变化率与温度的关系,并确定表征沥青疲劳损伤进程的动力学指标。结果表明：基质沥青及SBS改性沥青的DPSE,DPSE_c,DPSE_p的特征能量变化率与绝对温度倒数呈线性关系,DPSE_p的特征能量变化率随温度的增加而增加,而DPSE_c的特征能量变化率随温度的增加而减小,其原因是随着温度的升高,沥青塑性变形发展变快,而开裂则减缓;SBS改性沥青疲劳损伤进程、开裂子进程及塑性变形子进程的活化能（163.9,70.1,91.6 kJ·mol^-1）均大于基质沥青相应进程的活化能（94.0,47.0,45.8 kJ·mol^-1）,这表明SBS改性沥青抗开裂性能及抗永久变形性能均好于基质沥青;此外,SBS改性沥青及基质沥青疲劳损伤进程的总活化能等于开裂子进程及塑性变形子进程的活化能之和。因此,可通过活化能这一动力学指标将沥青疲劳损伤进程、开裂子进程与塑性变形子进程进行关联。     

基于层次分析法的交通运输节能减排示范项目绩效评价研究

交通运输是国家节能减排工作的重点领域,为促进交通运输节能减排技术发展,开展交通运输节能减排示范项目是政府部门一项重要的政策措施。对示范项目进行绩效评价工作能衡量财政资金投入政策实施效果,也是交通运输主管部门非常关注的问题。在交通运输节能减排示范项目绩效评价的逻辑框架下,运用层次分析法建立交通运输节能减排示范项目绩效评价指标体系及权重值,具有较好的实操性,能为开展同类型项目的绩效评价工作提供参考。     

高职院校新能源汽车技术教学内容与方法探讨

如今汽车行业发展十分迅速,新能源汽车已经成为了汽车行业的重要组成部分,为了更好培养新能源汽车产业市场高技能人才,有很多高职院校相继开设了新能源汽车技术专业或汽车检修专业新能源方向。在开设这些课程的时候,教师一定要实现与时俱进的发展目标,注重对学生综合素质的提升,文章将会针对高职新能源汽车技术教学内容与方法等内容进行简要论述和分析,希望能够为人们带来一些帮助和启发。     

Consumer preferences for battery electric vehicles: A choice experimental survey in China

To accelerate the diffusion of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), consumer preferences for different products and policy attributes must be determined. Although previous studies have investigated consumer preferences for some product attributes, including purchase price, operation cost, driving range, and charging time, limited studies have discussed the broader aspects of product attributes, such as battery warranty and depreciation rate. Moreover, market-oriented incentives, including the personal carbon trading (PCT) scheme and the tradable driving credits (TDC) scheme, can theoretically be effective alternatives to expensive purchase subsidies. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence that confirms the influence of these two schemes on BEV adoption. To fill these gaps, we conducted a stated preference choice experimental survey in China and investigated the effect of product attributes, existing policy incentives, and two emerging market-oriented incentives on BEV adoption. Our results reveal that along with the main product attributes, battery warranty has a significant positive effect on inducing mainstream consumers to adopt BEVs while no preference difference occurs among existing policy incentives after purchase subsidies are abolished. For young consumers, almost all incentives that reduce the operation cost (e.g., PCT) or increase convenience (e.g., TDC) can increase their adoption of BEVs. These findings can provide important implications for the government with regard to designing novel incentives and promoting BEV adoption.     

某车型座椅骨架动态安全性与模态分析

为判断汽车座椅骨架的结构合理性,文章利用ANSA建立了某乘用车座椅骨架总成及假头型有限元模型,对该座椅骨架进行了模态分析与基于显式动力学有限元的头枕吸能性仿真试验,得到前四阶固有频率和振型、头枕前碰仿真分析加速度时间历程图。结果表明,该座椅骨架自由模态频率避开了人体最敏感的共振频率范围,整个碰撞过程假头型减速度超过80 g的连续作用时间未超过3 ms。     

Using GPS-data to determine optimum electric vehicle ranges: A Michigan case study

Fuel-switching personal transportation from gasoline to electricity offers many advantages, including lower noise, zero local air pollution, and petroleum-independence. But alleviations of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are more nuanced, due to many factors, including the car’s battery range. We use GPS-based trip data to determine use type-specific, GHG-optimized ranges. The dataset comprises 412 cars and 384,869 individual trips in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. We use previously developed algorithms to determine driver types, such as using the car to commute or not. Calibrating an existing life cycle GHG model to a forecast, low-carbon grid for Ann Arbor, we find that the optimum range varies not only with the drive train architecture (plugin-hybrid versus battery-only) and charging technology (fast versus slow) but also with the driver type. Across the 108 scenarios we investigated, the range that yields lowest GHG varies from 65 km (55+ year old drivers, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid) to 158 km (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only). The optimum GHG reduction that electric cars offer – here conservatively measured versus gasoline-only hybrid cars – is fairly stable, between 29% (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only) and 46% (commuters, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid). The electrification of total distances is between 66% and 86%. However, if cars do not have the optimum range, these metrics drop substantially. We conclude that matching the range to drivers’ typical trip distances, charging technology, and drivetrain is a crucial pre-requisite for electric vehicles to achieve their highest potential to reduce GHG emissions in personal transportation.     

Electric vehicle charging station locations: Elastic demand,station congestion,and network equilibrium

Battery-only electric vehicles (BEVs) generally offer better air quality through lowered emissions, along with energy savings and security. The issue of long-duration battery charging makes charging-station placement and design key for BEV adoption rates. This work uses genetic algorithms to identify profit-maximizing station placement and design details, with applications that reflect the costs of installing, operating, and maintaining service equipment, including land acquisition. Fast electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) are placed across a congested city's network subject to stochastic demand for charging under a user-equilibrium traffic assignment. BEV users’ station choices consider endogenously determined travel times and on-site charging queues. The model allows for congested-travel and congested-station feedback into travelers’ route choices under elastic demand and BEV owners’ station choices, as well as charging price elasticity for BEV charging users.Boston-network results suggest that EVCSs should locate mostly along major highways, which may be a common finding for other metro settings. If 10% of current EV owners seek to charge en route, a user fee of $6 for a 30-min charging session is not enough for station profitability under a 5-year time horizon in this region. However, $10 per BEV charging delivers a 5-year profit of $0.82 million, and 11 cords across 3 stations are enough to accommodate a near-term charging demand in this Boston-area application. Shorter charging sessions, higher fees, and/or allowing for more cords per site also increase profits generally, everything else constant. Power-grid and station upgrades should keep pace with demand, to maximize profits over time, and avoid on-site congestion.     

Towards connected autonomous driving: review of use-cases

Connected autonomous vehicles are considered as mitigators of issues such as traffic congestion, road safety, inefficient fuel consumption and pollutant emissions that current road transportation system suffers from. Connected autonomous vehicles utilise communication systems to enhance the performance of autonomous vehicles and consequently improve transportation by enabling cooperative functionalities, namely, cooperative sensing and cooperative manoeuvring. The former refers to the ability to share and fuse information gathered from vehicle sensors and road infrastructures to create a better understanding of the surrounding environment while the latter enables groups of vehicles to drive in a co-ordinated way which ultimately results in a safer and more efficient driving environment. However, there is a gap in understanding how and to what extent connectivity can contribute to improving the efficiency, safety and performance of autonomous vehicles. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to investigate the potential benefits that can be achieved from connected autonomous vehicles through analysing five use-cases: (i) vehicle platooning, (ii) lane changing, (iii) intersection management, (iv) energy management and (v) road friction estimation. The current paper highlights that although connectivity can enhance the performance of autonomous vehicles and contribute to the improvement of current transportation system performance, the level of achievable benefits depends on factors such as the penetration rate of connected vehicles, traffic scenarios and the way of augmenting off-board information into vehicle control systems.