The impact of land-use mix on residents' travel energy consumption: New evidence from Beijing

Policies that encourage mixed land use are widely believed to make transport more energy efficient. However, few studies have directly examined the impacts of land-use heterogeneity on travel energy consumption at the individual level. Moreover, the definition and measures of land-use heterogeneity are debated. This paper aims to fill these gaps using the large city of Beijing, China, as a case study. Three types of land use are examined in terms of their effects on individual residents’ travel energy consumption. The results suggest that high land-use diversity and a good jobs-housing balance significantly reduces commuting travel. Interestingly, highly heterogeneous retail and housing areas may have high travel energy use, as residents are more likely to go shopping. There are obvious spatial variations in these effects. Residents of suburban ‘newtowns’, where the jobs-housing balance is particularly good, consume less travel energy. The results suggest that decreased use of conventional planning patterns, such as the socialist danwei system, and increasing urban sprawl, bring new challenges to achieving transport efficiency. Mixed land-use policies can be an effective solution to these challenges.     

Modelling,simulation and applications of longitudinal train dynamics

ABSTRACT

Significant developments in longitudinal train simulation and an overview of the approaches to train models and modelling vehicle force inputs are firstly presented. The most important modelling task, that of the wagon connection, consisting of energy absorption devices such as draft gears and buffers, draw gear stiffness, coupler slack and structural stiffness is then presented. Detailed attention is given to the modelling approaches for friction wedge damped and polymer draft gears. A significant issue in longitudinal train dynamics is the modelling and calculation of the input forces – the co-dimensional problem. The need to push traction performances higher has led to research and improvement in the accuracy of traction modelling which is discussed. A co-simulation method that combines longitudinal train simulation, locomotive traction control and locomotive vehicle dynamics is presented. The modelling of other forces, braking propulsion resistance, curve drag and grade forces are also discussed. As extensions to conventional longitudinal train dynamics, lateral forces and coupler impacts are examined in regards to interaction with wagon lateral and vertical dynamics. Various applications of longitudinal train dynamics are then presented. As an alternative to the tradition single wagon mass approach to longitudinal train dynamics, an example incorporating fully detailed wagon dynamics is presented for a crash analysis problem. Further applications of starting traction, air braking, distributed power, energy analysis and tippler operation are also presented.     

State estimation in roll dynamics for commercial vehicles

Accurate lateral load transfer estimation plays an important role in improving the performance of the active rollover prevention system equipped in commercial vehicles. This estimation depends on the accurate prediction of roll angles for both the sprung and the unsprung subsystems. This paper proposes a novel computational method for roll-angle estimation in commercial vehicles employing sensors which are already used in a vehicle dynamic control system without additional expensive measurement units. The estimation strategy integrates two blocks. The first block contains a sliding-mode observer which is responsible for calculating the lateral tyre forces, while in the second block, the Kalman filter estimates the roll angles of the sprung mass and those of axles in the truck. The validation is conducted through MATLAB/TruckSim co-simulation. Based on the comparison between the estimated results and the simulation results from TruckSim, it can be concluded that the proposed estimation method has a promising tracking performance with low computational cost and high convergence speed. This approach enables a low-cost solution for the rollover prevention in commercial vehicles.     

桥梁加宽中新增梁对旧桥的影响

依托黄土地区高速公路改扩建桥梁加宽工程,选取一座3孔13 m简支空心板桥,分析新增空心板梁对旧桥原有板梁的影响。基于不同加宽方案对新旧桥空心板梁横向分布系数进行了计算,计算结果表明增加新梁截面刚度可有效降低旧梁横向分布系数。建议采用移旧桥边梁为新桥边梁并且提高新增空心板梁刚度的加宽方案。     

柴油发动机掺烧生物柴油的经济性研究

为了更好地评价柴油机燃用生物柴油的经济性,分析了生物柴油和0#石化柴油的理化性质,分别对生物柴油的体积分数为0.2,0.5,1的B20、B50、B100 3种燃料和0#柴油在495Q3柴油机上进行了试验。试验结果显示燃用3种燃料的燃油消耗率比0#柴油在中小负荷时平均增加5.30%,9.65%,19.04%,大负荷时平均增加2.86%,4.75%,9.64%;能量等值折合油耗率在中小负荷时平均增加2.65%,2.63%,5.74%,大负荷时平均降低0.26%,1.97%,4.80%。     

现代汽车新材料技术应用

材料技术的进步,降低了车辆质量,改善了燃料经济性,并减少了车辆制造成本。近年来,现代汽车普遍采用碳纤维增强材料、陶瓷碳素复合材料以及纳米材料等最新技术,介绍纳米汽油、纳米润滑剂、纳米塑料、碳纳米管、纳米界面材料、新型汽车尾气检测装置等应用于汽车的纳米技术。     

新常态下工业4.0对我国汽车产业转型升级的启示

阐述了工业4.0的内涵和目的,分析了当前我国汽车产业发展面临的重大挑战,提出了新常态下借鉴工业4.0,加快我国汽车产业转型升级的几点启示。     

Er~(3+)及Er~(3+)/Yb~(3+)掺杂YBa_3B_9O_(18)材料的发光性能

通过高温固相烧结法制备了Er3+掺杂以及Er3+/Yb3+共掺杂YBa3B9O18荧光粉.X射线衍射结果表明,Er3+/Yb3+的掺杂并没有改变基质的六方结构.应用325 nm激光激发Er3+掺杂YBa3B9O18,观察到了Er3+离子的特征发射峰,证明了Er3+离子与基质间的能量传递.应用980 nm激光分别激发Er3+掺杂以及Er3+/Yb3+共掺杂YBa3B9O18荧光粉,观测到了Er3+离子的上转换过程,该过程可通过能级图进行解释.实验结果表明Yb3+对Er3+的上转换发光有敏化作用.     

机动车交通流比功率与能耗模型研究

为研究机动车交通流能耗,将机动车交通流比功率(VSP)作为研究对象.从最常见的单车比功率研究出发,使用气体动力学交通流模型联系单车比功率与交通流整体比功率,以此建立交通流比功率模型.为使此模型具备更显著的物理意义,将交通流比功率分为两部分,一部分为平衡交通流状态下的比功率,另一部分为偏离平衡交通流状态导致的比功率变化量,模型中的交通流参数与变量能够通过现有的交通流探测设备获取.将比功率理论模型从单车扩展到了交通流,用数学公式反应了交通流状态与比功率的关系,并且证明了交通流比功率能够通过交通流参数进行估计.并由交通流比功率出发,推导出交通流比功公式.此外研究了平衡态交通流比功率及比功与密度的关系.为研究机动车交通流能耗探索了新的思路.     

船舶电力系统暂态稳定性的混合分析法

针对大型船舶电力系统的特点及其日益突出的暂态稳定性问题,开展了适用于船舶电力系统的方法研究。结合船舶电网拓扑结构自身特点,建立了适用于大扰动下暂态稳定分析的船舶柴油发电机组的动态等值模型、推进电机及其螺旋桨四象限工作特性等值模型。以船舶电网轴线为界,将系统等效成两机模型进行时域仿真分析,在此基础上建立系统能量函数,提出了一种适用于船舶电力系统的暂态稳定性混合分析法。该方法即可定量描述系统暂态稳定性及其稳定裕度,又可直观地在线监测系统各状态变量的动态过程。最后通过仿真算例验证了新方法的正确性和有效性。