冰雪路面摩擦系数的影响因素研究

冬季道路的表面通常覆盖着多层积雪,重交通量的路段积雪较薄,其厚度一般不足几厘米。积雪状态的变化直接影响着路面安全性,冰雪使路面变得非常湿滑,湿滑的路面条件由多种类型的积雪引起,本研究同时测量了冰面轮胎的静摩擦系数与动摩擦系数。     

The mechanisms involved during the wet braking of new and worn tires

ABSTRACT

Tires are used by the customers during several tens of thousands of kilometres, and before their replacement, the driver will encounter a continuous variation of tread depth due to the tire wearing. Although the wet braking labelling demonstrates the performance of the tire in the new stage, it is known that the wet traction evolves with tire wear. In this paper, an in-depth comparison of the wet grip performance of new and worn tires will be conducted, based on the regulatory wet braking test. For this purpose, we propose an original approach to analyse braking test results, which allows breaking down and quantifying the relative importance of the mechanisms involved during this test. This study demonstrates that two main mechanisms are taking place during the entire test: rubber friction and hydroplaning mechanisms. The µ value obtained at low speeds reflects the friction potential of the tested tires while the decline of performance at higher speeds is attributed to hydroplaning mechanisms. This analysis is conducted on numerous tires and demonstrates that current regulatory test applied on new tires is focussing mainly on the rubber friction mechanism. The same test applied on worn tires exhibits both rubber friction and hydroplaning mechanisms. The mechanisms decomposition shows that the source of the performance decline from new to worn status varies greatly, some tires having most of their performance loss due to hydroplaning, some others due to rubber friction drop.     

考虑摩擦滑移的普通板式橡胶支座剪切性能研究

普通板式橡胶支座作为中国量大面广的公路钢筋混凝土梁桥结构体系中的重要支承构件,其力学性能对局部和整体结构的刚度分布和受力变形特点具有一定的影响,甚至影响服役公路桥梁结构的安全性和适应性。因此,针对桥梁服役过程中该类支座普遍存在的滑移、脱空等典型病害特征,研究其不同受力状态下的剪切性能。考虑支座界面接触方式、几何尺寸等参数,设计并进行了6个普通板式橡胶支座的剪切性能试验。对不同参数影响下支座的损伤破坏模式、剪应变-剪应力曲线、支座有效剪切应变及抗剪刚度等参数进行对比分析。进一步应用有限元数值模拟方法,对摩擦滑移下的支座剪切性能进行参数分析,并将其有限元分析结果与普通板式橡胶支座的剪切性能试验结果进行对比。研究结果表明,支座上、下表面的接触摩擦条件可明显影响支座的水平侧移和抗侧力。对于界面摩擦因数较小的情况,卸载后支座摩擦滑动位移不能完全恢复,随着循环加载次数的增加,摩擦滑动位移增幅增大,且支座界面摩擦滑移可降低支座有效剪切变形和抗剪刚度的发挥。0.5,0.7,1.0等效剪切变形下支座的抗剪刚度试验结果、模拟结果与理论计算结果对比表明,试验结果与模拟结果吻合较好,而既有抗剪刚度理论计算结果偏大,且未考虑支座界面摩擦滑移、脱空的影响。因此,在进行实际桥梁结构的力学性能计算时,应考虑不同受力阶段支座力学性能指标的取值。     

大直径扩径桩与等截面桩对比试验研究

扩径桩作为一种新型桩基形式得到很大的发展,但由于其桩身在某深度发生扩径突变,而给研究扩径桩的荷载传递性状带来不便.现有对扩径桩的研究只限于小直径桩的模型试验以及有限元分析,而对大直径扩径桩的研究比较缺乏.通过对同一场地的同一直径不同桩型的钻孔灌注桩进行竖向静载荷试验,对2种桩型的竖向承载力、桩身轴力、桩侧摩阻力进行对比分析研究.研究结果表明,扩径桩能够提高单桩承载力、减小桩体沉降,而扩径阻力在荷载传递中起关键作用,成为荷载传递中的主要途径之一.     

桥梁桩长计算中的负摩阻力分析

阐述了桥梁桩基负摩阻力产生的原因,分析了桩基中性点位置确定、负摩阻力计算等问题,并提出了10条有效减少负摩阻力的措施。这对桥梁桩基设计时正确确定负摩阻力具有特别重要的意义。     

船用柴油机润滑油配伍试验研究

本文首先介绍了柴油机主要摩擦副——缸套和活塞环的磨损机理,然后提出了对曲柄箱润滑油的要求,其中最主要的是润滑油自始至终必须保持一定的碱性。作者还阐述了合理选择气缸润滑油的依据和方法,最后在我所的试验机上选用3种(A、B、C)不同配伍的润滑油作抗磨性,清净分散性比较试验,得出A优于B,B优于C,及A、B、C3种都可正常使用的结论。     

某公路条带式加筋土挡墙的设计与讨论

加筋土挡墙因其良好的结构性能和低廉造价,在多个行业中应用较广。文章通过对一个条带式加筋土挡墙实例的分析,简要说明加筋土挡墙的设计方法,分析了地震荷载对挡墙稳定性的影响,论述了加筋土挡墙较好的抗震性能。     

Quantitative Analysis of impact of Bicycles on Vehicles in Urban Mixed Traffic

Bicycles create obvious impact on motor vehicles' behavior on urban road especially in China with mixed traffic. These influences can be divided into two states: friction and block interference. Based on the data of interference of bicycles on vehicles' driving in typical road section in Beijing, this paper quantitatively analyzes the velocity changing tendency of vehicles under different interference, velocity distribution frequency, and critical transformation of different interference state. The friction and block interference coefficients are also worked out, which are useful to compare interference degrees under different road conditions. As a result, the research based on sample data shows that the velocity distribution of vehicles has different characteristics under different interference state, and vehicles driving velocities are significantly different under the friction interference and block interference.     

Economic analysis of ride-sourcing markets

Ride-sourcing refers to an emerging urban mobility service that private car owners drive their own vehicles to provide for-hire rides. This paper analyzes the ride-sourcing market using an aggregate model where the matchings between customers and drivers are captured by an exogenous matching function. It is found that without any regulatory intervention a monopoly ride-sourcing platform will maximize the joint profit with its drivers. On the other hand, the first-best solution is not sustainable when the matching function exhibits increasing returns to scale and the cost function of the platform is subject to economies of scale. Regardless of the examined market scenarios, the average waiting time of customers is proportional to the average searching time of drivers. We establish conditions for regulators to solely regulate the commission charged by the platform to guarantee the second-best. We further investigate the competition of ride-sourcing platforms and find that competition does not necessarily lower the price level or improve social welfare. In the latter case, regulators may rather encourage the merger of the platforms and regulate them directly as a monopolist.     

干摩擦力矩对某独立悬架汽车前轮摆振影响研究

为了探究前轮摆振的影响因素,将运动副间隙处的干摩擦等效到前轮主销处．应用拉格朗日方程建立了3自由度摆振系统模型,并用Matlab对其进行了仿真计算。结果表明,汽车在较大的初始激励下才会激发摆振;较大的干摩擦力矩有利于抑制摆振。