Modelling nutrient fluxes from sub-arctic basins: Comparison of pristine vs. dammed rivers

The deterministic Riverstrahler model of river functioning is applied for the first time to sub-arctic catchments. Seasonal nutrient (N, P, Si) deliveries to the coastal zone are simulated, and nutrient annual fluxes are established for the nearly pristine river Kalix (hereafter called Kalixälven) and the heavily dammed river Lule, (hereafter called Luleälven) both located in Northern Sweden and draining into the Bothnian Bay, Baltic Sea.For Kalixälven simulations are performed with a runoff calculated from precipitation, evapo-transpiration and temperature data for the period 1990–1999, using a hydrological model calibrated on observed monthly discharges at the river outlet. The same hydrological parameters are used to calculate specific runoff for the Luleälven basin in absence of dam regulation. Reservoir filling and emptying are simulated using a simplified representation of their management rules. Diffuse sources of nutrient are evaluated according to land cover of the catchment. The simulated seasonal trends are within the range of the observed data, in particular for discharge, dissolved silica, total phosphorus, inorganic nitrogen and total organic carbon. Specific runoff is 50% higher in the Luleälven than in the Kalixälven watershed due to higher altitudes and precipitations. Average silica, nitrate and phosphorus concentrations are much lower in Luleälven than in Kalixälven. Comparison of model results for the Luleälven with and without dams shows a reduction of respectively 25% and 30% in silica and phosphorus fluxes delivered at the outlet, while nitrogen delivery is increased by 10% in the dammed vs. undammed river system. The model allows assessing the respective role of reservoir trapping of nutrient in the reservoir through algal uptake and sedimentation, and of changes in the vegetation induced by flooding the valley formerly covered by forests and wetlands.     

路堤上运行的高速列车在侧风下的流场结构及气动性能

强侧风产生的气动力时高速列车的运行安全性有显著的影响。基于三维、定常、不可压N-S方程以及k-ε双方程湍流模型,采用有限体积法,对侧风作用下路堤上运行的高速列车进行数值模拟计算,所模拟的列车时速达350 km。通过分析侧风条件下列车周围的流场结构,得到了风速、车速与气动力之间的变化关系。研究结果表明,尽管所计算的列车外表几何形状简单,但其流场仍然非常复杂,列车背风侧将产生数个漩涡,漩涡的位置随车速、风速发生变化。车辆气动力随风速、车速的增加而逐渐增大。头车所受倾覆力矩最大,且其增长率也最大。     

The dynamic response of rail support

This research reviews principles behind the dynamic response of rail supports, and introduces a method of analysis to find the maximum response in a realistic setting. Assuming a time-dependent, moving mass with massive wheels is essential, because the ratio of the moving mass to the rail mass is significant. However, the dynamic response of the track is not affected by dynamic properties of the train other than its unsprung mass, because the natural frequencies of the train suspension and track are significantly different. A numerical method is developed to model the dynamic response based on these principles, and applied to the Korean urban transit. The dynamic response includes multiple peaks with a large amplitude range, creating noise while the wheel passes the support. The dynamic impact factor (DIF) for the rail support depends mainly on the stiffness and damping of the rail support. The DIF for the rail moment is below the code value, whether this value is based on numerical analysis or on-site measurements. However, our numerical analysis results in a DIF for support settlement that is greater than the code value, if the damping is less than 3%.     

阳角挡土墙受力特性数值分析

工程中的挡土墙在阳角处经常出现裂缝，既影响外表美观，又给人不安全感。针对这一现象，采用有限差分软件FLAC3D，对阳角挡土墙进行受力特性分析。通过分析可以发现，在阳角处具有明显不同于平面应变问题的空间受力特性，墙体存在不同程度的拉应力，导致墙体产生拉伸裂缝。基于这一特点提出了设计时在阳角处可以采取的预防措施，即在挡土墙的阳角处设置伸缩缝防止开裂。     

落锤弯沉与回弹弯沉数值关系的探讨

着重分析在沥青混凝土路面弯沉测试中，落锤弯沉与回弹弯沉之间的关系。并通过测试数据分析，找出两种测试方法检测结果的相关性，从而得到两者数值之间大小的规律性。     

基于参数可设置Altera宏功能模块的MAX+plusⅡ设计

通过介绍参数可设置Alter宏功能(LPM)模块的功能及其在MAX+plusⅡ中的调用和定制方法,给出基于LPM的数控分频器、4X4乘法器和流水线加法器的设计方法.     

盾构隧道管片结构纵向错台研究

盾构隧道通缝拼装管片结构的错台一直是困扰盾构隧道施工的技术问题，且由错台引起的管片开裂、拼装困难和防水隐患等问题对施工和运营的影响日益凸显，并直接影响到工程质量。以上海轨道交通二号线西延伸段盾构隧道工程为背景，采用现场监测和数值计算方法对盾构推进过程中管片错台进行分析，获得了管片结构错台发生及发展的变化规律。进一步探讨了盾构千斤顶的顶力对错台大小及发展规律的影响，为盾构施工中减小错台，提高施工精度和质量，以及盾构隧道设计施工提供依据。     

二维“杯”形随边超空泡剖面入水数值研究

文章采用求解BANS方程的方法,结合VOF方法和RNG κ-ε湍流模型,对二维超空泡剖面入水问题进行了数值模拟,主要研究了不同"杯"形随边剖面入水时对流场的影响.计算结果清晰地展现了自由表面的演变过程及喷溅现象.可为半浸桨的优化设计作理论指导.     

地下工程建设对城市地下水环境的影响分析

研究目的：研究地下工程在施工和运营的过程中对地下水环境的影响，为地下工程的建设规划及地下水环境保护提供科学依据。研究结果：在总结地下工程建设对地下水环境影响基础上，以西安市城市轨道交通2号线为例，利用经验公式计算施工期车站基坑降水对地下水的影响，并采用数值模拟的方法预测地铁运营后对地下水流场的影响。地铁施工期的基坑降水只发生在张家堡站，中心水位下降6．3m，降水量为10454．15m^3／d，影响半径441m，对地下水流将产生一定的影响；地铁建成运营以后的地铁线路阻挡了地下水的径流，造成“迎水面”水位壅高，“背水面”水位降低，通过模拟水位变幅在0～1．7m。     

城市轨道交通车辆最高运行速度的选择

研究目的:通过对影响列车最高运行速度的几大要素进行分析,寻找轨道交通车辆选型时确定列车最高运行速度等级的一般规律,从而达到节约能源、减少车底数的目的.研究结论:确定城市轨道交通车辆最高运行速度等级时一般以平均车站间距作为首要依据,车站间距约为3.4 km时,推荐选择列车最高运行速度120 km/h;当车站站间距约为2.3 km时,推荐选择列车最高运行速度100 km/h;当车站站间距约为1.5 km时,推荐选择列车最高运行速度80 km/h.