Environmental effects on Pacejka’s scaling factors

A set of scaling factors has been introduced by Pacejka [Pacejka, H.B., 2002, Tyre and Vehicle Dynamics (Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann Editions)] into his Magic Formula tyre model to take into account the influence of a number of external overall parameters such as road roughness, weather conditions, suspension characteristics and so on. These scaling factors are important for a correct prediction of tyre–road contact forces, but are not a function of the tyre itself. Changing the point of view, one could say that scaling factors should remain constant for different tyres on the same circuit, with the same weather conditions and with the same car. After characterizing different tyres through indoor tests (that do not consider external overall parameters) and after having identified Pacejka’s coefficients with scaling factors equal to one, several outdoor experimental tests have been carried out to assess the influence of vehicle and road surface conditions on scaling factors. These experimental data allowed us to identify, through a minimization approach, the ‘best’ set of Pacejka’s scaling factors for that vehicle and for that tyre on that track. Scaling factors for equal track and vehicle but different tyres were compared to check whether their values remained constant. To access the validity of scaling factors, a comparison between experimental data, collected on an instrumented passenger car, and MB simulations considering unity and identified scaling factors’ values, were carried out. All experimental data shown in this article come from tests carried out within the VERTEC project, a European founded research project (Task 2.a and 2.b) that puts together knowledge coming from vehicle manufacturers (Volvo, Porsche and Centro Ricerche Fiat CRF), tyre manufacturers (Pirelli and Nokian Tyres), control logic manufacturers (Lucas Varity GmbH), road maintenance experts (Centres d’Études Techniques de l’Équipement CETE), transport research organizations (Transport Research Laboratory TRL, Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute VTI) and universities (Helsinki University of Technology HUT, Politecnico di Milano and University of Florence UNIFI).     

A theoretical justification of the sine with dwell manoeuvre

The sine with dwell (SWD) manoeuvre has received much attention within the context of vehicle stability testing. This manoeuvre is used in a test developed by the NHTSA, designed to certificate electronic stability control systems in light vehicles. The test is used in legislations as well as in consumer tests all over the globe. The SWD manoeuvre was designed using test vehicles on a test track and experimentally validated. The paper at hand uses optimal control theory to theoretically justify the use of the SWD manoeuvre to produce a severe lateral motion and over-steering based on steering input. It is shown that a manoeuvre similar to the SWD manoeuvre can be obtained from an optimal control problem using simple vehicle dynamics models. The optimal control method is further used to analyse the manoeuvre's robustness with respect to vehicle dimensions and tyre properties. It is shown that the manoeuvre is robust in dimensions, which theoretically motivates its application for various sizes of vehicles.     

淤土地基灌注桩水平承载特性试验及数值计算

针对淤土地基灌注桩水平荷载作用下桩体受力特性,通过现场水平承载力破坏性试验,对不同桩长、桩径和桩基上部土体的两个试验区进行对比研究,由现场实测得到的桩体桩身轴力与弯矩分布情况,得知桩径增加和桩基上部土体改善有助于提高水平承载力,但桩径的增加对水平承载力的提高效果更为显著;利用ABAQUS数值计算对水平承载特性进行研究,并与现场试验结果进行对比分析,对比表明:现场实测数据和数值模拟的拟合程度较好,说明有限元在桩基水平承载能力研究方面具有合理性,为进一步利用有限元研究桩体水平承载力提供了一定的理论基础.     

实时多任务控制软件可靠性设计及测试

对发动机电控系统实时软件进行了可靠性设计和测试。按事件触发类型和时间触发类型设计了实时多任务软件,对实时控制软件进行了抗干扰设计、失效恢复设计等可靠性设计;对控制软件进行了长时间的软件在环仿真测试以及硬件在环(HIL)仿真测试,验证了实时软件可靠性设计的有效性并检验了所设计软件的可靠性。通过对实时软件的仿真测试,减小了验证软件可靠性所需的实际发动机台架试验的工作量。     

预应力混凝土简支空心板梁桥静载校验系数分析

以内蒙古呼伦贝尔市境内的上护林大桥为工程背景,在预应力混凝土空心板桥的常规静载试验的基础上,提出断面应变校验系数的概念。结合常规校验系数与断面应变校验系数对该桥的工作状况进行评估,得出该桥横向联系及整体工作状况良好,且断面应变校验系数法可以在类似结构桥梁的荷载试验结果分析中加以推广和应用。     

装备远程测试保障技术研究

大型装备投资大、功能复杂且往往难以替代,要求运行保障的高可靠性、维护技能的多学科性和维护决策的科学性。为及时准确掌握装备的运行状况,利用多方专家资源进行装备技术保障,应当建设装备远程测试系统。文中分析了装备现场测试系统的设计,总结了装备远程测试技术的两种实现途径,包括面向装备的远程测试系统和面向诊断中心的远程测试系统,分别讨论了其适用范围。     

基于犹豫度专家残缺权重补充及其群决策方法

针对直觉模糊群决策专家权重残缺的问题,在各方案平行的前提下,提出了一种基于直觉模糊数犹豫度的专家客观权重补充方法。并结合专家的主客观权重,给出决策者客观不同的专家权重公式。最后,综合各决策者的犹豫度对方案进行排序择优,并通过实例分析说明了该方法模型的具体应用及计算过程。     

引进美国HTCR径向转向架技术的消化、吸收、改进与创新

加装HTCR径向转向架的DF8B型机车在机车动力学性能试验中，垂向振动加速度未能达标。为此，经过多次计算分析和试验，最终确定了改变二系悬挂参数和制动单元的平衡支板间隙等措施，大幅度降低了机车垂向振动加速度，使机车在动力学补充试验中垂向振动加速度达到良好指标。在消化、吸收和改进的同时将全部技术向大功率交流传动内燃机车和SS3B型电力机车移植和创新，SS3B型电力机车方案设计通过铁道部审查。通过对所有进口件的分析、试验以及与相关单位的合作逐步实现国产化。     

长江渝泸段滩险整治小尺度船模通航试验研究

长江上游泸渝河段，全长270km，为典型的山区河流，河段内滩险众多。在天然状态下，本河段共有碍航滩险52处，其中大多为枯水急流险滩。文中主要以泸渝河段斗笠子滩和城背嘴滩为例分析小尺度船模在滩险整治通航试验中的应用。     

浅析水利工程建设中的质量责任和义务

水利工程建设过程中,建设单位、设计单位、施工单位在工程质量管理体制下,应承担的质量管理职责和应履行的各项义务;实行各负其责制,尽早控制和防范工程质量事故的发生。