Models and methodology for optimal trajectory generation in safety-critical road–vehicle manoeuvres

There is currently a strongly growing interest in obtaining optimal control solutions for vehicle manoeuvres, both in order to understand optimal vehicle behaviour and, perhaps more importantly, to devise improved safety systems, either by direct deployment of the solutions or by including mimicked driving techniques of professional drivers. However, it is non-trivial to find the right combination of models, optimisation criteria, and optimisation tools to get useful results for the above purposes. Here, a platform for investigation of these aspects is developed based on a state-of-the-art optimisation tool together with adoption of existing vehicle chassis and tyre models. A minimum-time optimisation criterion is chosen for the purpose of gaining an insight into at-the-limit manoeuvres, with the overall aim of finding improved fundamental principles for future active safety systems. The proposed method to trajectory generation is evaluated in time-manoeuvres using vehicle models established in the literature. We determine the optimal control solutions for three manoeuvres using tyre and chassis models of different complexities. The results are extensively analysed and discussed. Our main conclusion is that the tyre model has a fundamental influence on the resulting control inputs. Also, for some combinations of chassis and tyre models, inherently different behaviour is obtained. However, certain variables important in vehicle safety-systems, such as the yaw moment and the body-slip angle, are similar for several of the considered model configurations in aggressive manoeuvring situations.     

并联高架路的中间匝道及岛式车站站棚

并联高架路是一种车辆在高架道路上逆向行驶,主要为城市公共交通服务的道路。地面道路与并联高架路联系的匝道设在并联高架路的中间;岛式车站站棚的立柱设在岛式站台的两侧,这样岛式车站内空间宽敞,站棚受力合理,结构稳固,适合在站棚下安装为电动汽车充电的接触板。     

加筋土工程设计方法研究

通过将当前加筋土工程设计方法归纳为三大类，并重点阐述各设计方法的基本假设、原理和适应范围等，找出三者之间的异同。可为加筋土工程设计方法的进一步研究提供铺垫。     

The impact of major road developments on the spheres of urban influence of Japanese cities

This study aims to measure the impact of major road developments on the spheres of urban influence of Japanese cities.First, the sphere of urban influence is defined by application of an individual behavior model. The model explains the number of trips to representative cities in regions from the residential place of each individual using the following factors; the attractiveness of cities, the travel time to cities and the individual's free time. Development of major roads shortens the travel time, and this causes the change in the sphere of urban influence. The model we propose has the structure to explain this phenomenon.Second, this method is applied to all of Japan where expressways are now being rapidly constructed and, how they change spheres of urban influence is explained. In the application, as a measure of attractiveness of cities, population, commercial and industrial activity, etc. are considered. From these points of view, the impacts of construction of expressways in Japan are estimated.     

强夯法在某高速公路连接道工程中的应用

介绍了采用强夯法加固填土地基的施工实践,为市政道路建设提供了成功的范例,对设计和施工具有一定的参考价值.     

Bridge and tunnel toll elasticities in New York

In 1992, the authors carried out a statistical analysis of Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority (TBTA) crossings in New York City, to determine the impact of toll increases on traffic volumes and revenue. Using twelve years of monthly time-series data, we developed a set of multiple regression models that estimated traffic volumes on each TBTA bridge and tunnel as a function of the toll level and other explanatory variables. In most cases, the estimated toll elasticities were negative and much less than 1.0 in absolute value; the median toll elasticity for automobiles was found to be –0.10. Our finding that automobile travel demand is highly inelastic with respect to toll rates is consistent with most previous travel demand studies.     

重力式砌石挡土墙的因素敏感性计算分析

为了研究山区公路砌石高挡土墙变形破坏的产生机理并提出有效加固措施,结合浙江58省道重力式砌石挡土墙实例,采用不平衡推力法,对影响山区公路砌石高挡土墙的因素敏感性进行分析。研究结果表明,按因素敏感度从大到小排列,影响浆砌石重力式挡土墙整体稳定性的主要因素为潜在滑动面岩土体的内摩擦角、潜在滑动体饱水面积比、墙高、潜在滑动面岩土体的粘聚力和墙后填土的重度;影响浆砌石重力式挡土墙的最主要因素为潜在滑动面岩土体的内摩擦角和潜在滑动体饱水面积比;在对砌石高挡土墙进行加固处理时,必须优先考虑在墙身设置足够排水孔和选择渗透性好的填料的措施。     

路用橡胶混凝土橡胶粉的适宜掺和量及最佳改性剂研究

对废橡胶粉在混凝土路面中的掺用方式、表面改性方法等进行了研究,分析了混凝土路面中橡胶粉的适宜掺和量,探索了混凝土路面中橡胶粉的最佳改性剂及改性工艺。试验研究表明:路用橡胶粉适宜“低掺量”、“高目数”、“多目级配”的掺用方式,其适宜掺和量为4.0 %,最佳改性剂是无机盐改性剂,CaCl2以橡胶粉质量5.0 %作改性剂用量时,能使橡胶混凝土强度提高14.0 %,使混凝土强度下降幅度由27.7 %减小为17.5 %,改性效果明显。     

道路结构层合并对计算结果的影响

Abaqus可用来模拟分析道路工程中的很多问题。当道路实际结构层层数很多时,可在计算中对材料特性相似的结构层进行合并,这不仅可简化建模过程,且可降低计算机计算成本。通过对道路实际结构层模型和合并结构层模型的计算结果进行对比分析,确定结构层合并对计算结果的影响。结果表明: 在计算路表弯沉时可以用合并层模型替代实际层模型,计算应力、应变时则不可。     

一种扫路车吸嘴内部结构的优化

通过对吸扫式扫路车吸嘴口气流状态以及速度测试的分析,在不增加制造和使用成本的前提下,对吸嘴内部结构进行了优化设计,增大了吸力,提高了吸扫式扫路车的扫净率。