Individual trip rate transferability analysis based on a decision tree approach

Transferring trip rates to areas without local survey data is a common practice which is typically performed in an ad hoc fashion using household-based cross-classification tables. This paper applies a rule-based decision tree method to develop individual-level trip generation models for eight different trip purposes as defined in the US National Household Travel Survey in addition to daily vehicle miles traveled. For each trip purpose, the models are obtained by finding the best fitted statistical distribution to each of the final decision tree clusters while considering the correlation between the trip rates for other trip purposes. The rule-based models are sensitive to changes in demographics. The performance of the models is then tested and validated in a transferability application to the Phoenix Metropolitan Region. These models can be employed in a disaggregate microsimulation framework to generate trips with different purposes at the individual or household level.     

Is in-cabin exposure to carbon monoxide and fine particulate matter amplified by the vehicle’s self-pollution potential? Quantifying the rate of exhaust intrusion

In-cabin exposure has increased in recent years due to longer commute and/or prolonged times in cars. The intrusion of the vehicle’s own exhaust into the passenger’s compartment has been recognized as a process that amplifies in-cabin passenger exposure. Quantifying its contribution is hampered by uncertainties associated with its measurement method such as trace tests and the lack of data regarding certain critical physical parameters, particularly those pertaining to air exchange rate (AER) and particulate matter deposition rate (DR). In this study, we present a hybrid methodology combining field measurements with a single-zone mass balance to estimate these parameters as well as the source term that represents vehicle self-pollution. In- and out-vehicle carbon monoxide (CO) and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) were monitored concurrently in test vehicles under idle and moving conditions using several common ventilation modes. In addition to defining a hybrid methodology to characterize the underlying physical parameters, this study found that vehicle self-pollution can account for approximately 15 and 30% of CO and PM_2.5 exposure experienced by vehicle occupants respectively. Vehicle self-exhaust intrusion may constitute a significant PM exposure route for vehicle-based occupations or commuters with prolonged time in vehicles.     

不规则波在斜坡地形破碎区波高分布的数值试验研究

在近岸浅水波浪分布的研究中,格鲁霍夫斯基给出适用于深水波至破碎波的整个浅水域(相对水深η>2)的波高经验分布公式,但该式在波浪发生破碎后的适用性研究欠缺。基于FLOW-3D软件对深水不规则波传播到斜坡地形上波浪发生破碎进行模拟,验证波高沿程分布与试验值的一致性,并模拟在130斜坡地形条件下波浪从有限水深传播到近岸破碎区的沿程波高分布变化。结果表明,在该坡度相对水深η<2.75情况下,格鲁霍夫斯基经验分布公式出现较大误差,不再适用;破碎区各累积率波高与平均波高的比值随相对水深变小呈递减趋势,经验公式值与之相比,总体上呈现出大波偏大、小波偏小的情况。     

Effectiveness of vehicle weight enforcement in a developing country using weigh-in-motion sorting system considering vehicle by-pass and enforcement capability

Vehicle overloading has been identified as one of the major contributors to road pavement damage in Malaysia. In this study, the weigh-in-motion (WIM) system has been used to function as a vehicle weight sorting tool to complement the exsiting static weigh bridge enforcement station. Data collected from the developed system is used to explore the effectiveness of using WIM system in terms of generating more accurate data for enforcement purposes and at the same time improving safety and reducing the number of vehicle weight violations on the roads. This study specifically focus on the effect of vehicle by-pass and static weigh station enforcement capability on the overall effectiveness of vehicle weight enforcement system in a developing country. Results from this study suggest that the WIM system will significantly enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the current vehicle weight enforcement, thus generating substantial revenue that would greatly off-set the current road maintenance budget that comes from tax payers money. If there is substantial reduction in overloaded vehicles, the public will still gain through reduction in road maintenance budget, less accident risks involving heavy trucks, and lesser greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions.     

基于节流方法的被动式吊机升沉补偿系统设计

设计一种基于蓄能器和液压缸的被动式船舶吊机升沉补偿系统,为了提高系统补偿率,对其进行动力学分析和性能指标分析,提出一种基于节流阀的改进方案,即在液压管路中加入节流阀,通过改变节流阀通径和个数,调整系统阻尼比至合适值,从而提高系统补偿率。改进前后的系统仿真对比结果表明:基于节流阀改进方案的被动式升沉补偿系统具有更好的补偿效果。     

必要费率在经济船型论证和方案比选中的应用

必要费率是港口工程多方案项目经济比选方法之一。本文通过经济船型论证,介绍了必要运费率的计算过程,进而计算出综合必要费率并进行方案经济比选,从经济角度方面推荐合理的建设方案。     

燃烧室形状对大功率机车柴油机工作性能的影响

针对大功率铁路机车柴油机的工作过程进行仿真计算,仿真计算得到的数据与实际试验数据相符合,将整个缸内工作过程按放热率规律分为三个阶段并分别进行研究分析.设计两种不同的燃烧室方案与原机型进行比较,讨论燃烧室喉口直径和燃烧室深度对于柴油机放热量、污染物排放量和缸内微观流场的影响.对比结果显示,当喉口直径为198 mm、燃烧室深度18.16 mm时,碳烟排放量和氮氧化物排量比喉口直径为188 mm、深度20 mm时分别下降了84.2％和43.4％;当喉口直径增加到208 mm时,缸内温度整体有所升高,氮氧化物排放量有所下降但是碳烟排放量增大.     

天津南港地区吹填土的流失率及控制试验研究

文章以南港工业区港区航道挖泥结合吹填造陆工程为试验背景,采集吹填过程中的相关数据,对南港地区的吹填土流失率及相应控制进行研究。分析得到了土颗粒粒径、泄水口挡板上过水厚度、吹入量、库容、流径等因素与流失率的相互关系,为今后规范编制和类似工程的实施提供依据和指导。     

闸室有效体积利用率及应用研究

提出闸室有效体积利用率的概念,通过理论分析和实例计算,分析了闸室有效体积利用率的特点,探讨提高闸室有效体积利用率的措施。结果表明,闸室有效体积利用率可以更加合理地反映闸室综合利用程度,对于指导船闸运行、提高船闸通过能力具有实用价值。     

基于岭回归-马氏距离的隧道围岩分类预测方法的研究

基于岭回归与马氏距离判别法的基本原理,选取岩石质量指标RQD、完整性系数Kv、单轴饱和抗压强度Rw、纵波波速Vp、弹性抗力系数Ko和结构面摩擦系数f作为评价指标,通过岭回归分析确定其权重系数,根据权重系数的大小剔除权重较小的指标,最终采用Rw,Ko和f建立马氏距离判别模型,并利用广东省某隧道工程进行模型检验。结果表明：岭回归-马氏距离判别法预测结果与实际相吻合,从而验证了岭回归-马氏距离判别法用于围岩分类预测是可行的。最后,运用建立的岭回归-马氏距离判别模型对东深供水改造工程隧洞围岩进行预测,经计算分析发现,所选洞段围岩判别结果与《水工隧洞设计规范》（SL279-2002）的分类结果一致,进一步证明了该方法用于隧道围岩分类预测的合理性及有效性。