Parking space management via dynamic performance-based pricing

In congested urban areas, it remains a pressing challenge to reduce unnecessary vehicle circling for parking while at the same time maximize parking space utilization. In observance of new information technologies that have become readily accessible to drivers and parking agencies, we develop a dynamic non-cooperative bi-level model (i.e. Stackelberg leader–follower game) to set parking prices in real-time for effective parking access and space utilization. The model is expected to fit into an integrated parking pricing and management system, where parking reservations and transactions are facilitated by sensing and informatics infrastructures, that ensures the availability of convenient spaces at equilibrium market prices. It is shown with numerical examples that the proposed dynamic parking pricing model has the potential to virtually eliminate vehicle circling for parking, which results in significant reduction in adverse socioeconomic externalities such as traffic congestion and emissions.     

Understanding parking decisions with a Bayesian network

In this paper, a Bayesian network is developed to investigate three intertwining parking decisions, namely parking period, parking location, and parking duration, and the impacts of a number of parking-related factors on these decisions. With parking information from Beijing, China in 2005, the structure and parameter of a Bayesian network were learnt by employing the K2 algorithm and Bayesian parameter estimation method respectively. The results show that the decision on how long to park follows that on where to park, and both of them are affected by the decision of when to park. This suggests that parking policies aimed at intervening in one specific parking decision may have an indirect influence on other parking decisions, which embraces an integrated view in the development of parking policies. The findings facilitate the development of measures for regulating parking behavior by identifying important contributing factors.     

考虑临时和预约需求的共享泊位动态分配方法

为解决多居住区共享停车场同时存在临时共享停车需求和提前预约共享停车需求的动态泊位分配问题，本文提出将未来几个时段的共享停车供需同时考虑到当前时段泊位分配中的单时段泊位分配方法，并将本时段泊位匹配结果延伸到后续时段，从而提出共享泊位动态分配流程。对临时停车需求，以用户成本最小为目标确立优先泊位匹配的原则；对预约停车需求，以系统收益最大为目标确立在当前时段结束时统一分配泊位的原则。定义4个指标评价模型效果。 选择来源于成都市某共享停车APP的3个居住小区一天的数据，对模型进行实证研究以及灵敏度分析。研究结果表明：临时共享停车需求和提前预约共享停车需求所占比例在0.4~0.6时，泊位分配后总目标表现最好；将未来几个时段的供需同时考虑到当前时段中，泊位分配效果更好，且考虑的未来时段越多，泊位分配后总目标越好；在泊位分配时，为了较好地保证临时停车需求能够优先分配到泊位，往往会造成总目标变差。     

基于SOC自适应分阶的动力锂电池两步优化快速充电策略

快速高效的充电方式对于推动汽车电动化,加快以石油为主导的传统交通能源向绿色低碳能源转型,实现中国"双碳战略"的目标具有重要意义。针对充电时间和充电损失的平衡优化问题,提出了一种基于SOC自适应分阶的两步优化多阶恒流充电策略。为实现充电过程的优化分阶,利用改进的二分K-means算法对基于内阻曲线的采样点集进行聚类,实现了充电区间关于内阻变化和分布特征的自适应划分。基于分阶优化结果,采用改进的非支配排序哈里斯鹰优化算法(INSHHO)求解优化电流对应帕累托前沿。利用Logistic混沌初始化及自适应t分布突变算子对哈里斯鹰模型(HHO)进行改进,进一步提升算法的全局寻优能力。最后通过充电对比试验,将优化多阶恒流充电策略与恒流恒压策略(CC-CV)和均分多阶恒流充电策略在不同充电时间条件下进行充电性能对比。结果表明:在充电时间保持一致的条件下,提出的优化多阶恒流充电策略较恒流恒压策略和均分多阶恒流充电策略的充电欧姆损失最大分别减少1.03%和0.3%;在温升表现上,优化多阶恒流充电策略较均分多阶恒流充电策略的充电温升最多降低了0.82℃。     

驻车加热器的应用现状及问题分析

为了使车辆能在低温下顺利起动,减少车辆冷起动带来的排放污染,越来越多的车辆开始使用驻车加热器。通过介绍驻车加热器的应用现状,指出现有加热器存在的问题,并分析问题产生的原因,提出可行的解决方法,可供同行参考。     

An equilibrium analysis of commuter parking in the era of autonomous vehicles

This study is the first in the literature to model the joint equilibrium of departure time and parking location choices when commuters travel with autonomous vehicles (AVs). With AVs, walking from parking spaces to the work location is not needed. Instead, AVs will drop off the commuters at the workplace and then drive themselves to the parking spaces. In this context, the equilibrium departure/arrival profile is different from the literature with non-autonomous vehicles (non-AVs). Besides modeling the commuting equilibrium, this study further develops the first-best time-dependent congestion tolling scheme to achieve the system optimum. Also, a location-dependent parking pricing scheme is developed to replace the tolling scheme. Furthermore, this study discusses the optimal parking supply to minimize the total system cost (including both the travel cost and the social cost of parking supply) under either user equilibrium or system optimum traffic flow pattern. It is found that the optimal planning of parking can be different from the non-AV situation, since the vehicles can drive themselves to parking spaces that are further away from the city center and walking of commuters is avoided. This paper sheds light on future parking supply planning and traffic management.     

《城市停车规划规范》要点解读

《城市停车规划规范》(GB/T 51149—2016)(以下简称《规范》)已于2017年2月1日起实施,对其编制的技术要点及主要条文内容进行解读,有助于更好地理解和执行《规范》。首先对《规范》编制的主要目的、意义和背景进行介绍。在统一对城市停车规划认识的基础上,明确城市停车规划应包含的内容。对城市停车位供给规模及比例构成等关键技术指标进行解释和说明,支持城市可持续发展的停车规划的制定。在提出通过多种途径增加停车位供给以缓解当前停车矛盾的同时,也考虑到为支持新能源汽车的发展在规划上预留空间。     

日本与韩国的港口使费研究

介绍了日韩港口使费的分类、管理、制定原则及监督检查情况，针对我国港口的具体情况，对制定合理的港口使费提出了几点建议。     

A novel permit scheme for managing parking competition and bottleneck congestion

Morning commuters may have to depart from home earlier to secure a parking space when parking supply in the city center is insufficient. Recent studies show that parking reservations can reduce highway congestion and deadweight loss of parking competition simultaneously. This study develops a novel tradable parking permit scheme to realize or implement parking reservations when commuters are either homogeneous or heterogeneous in their values of time. It is found that an expirable parking permit scheme with an infinite number of steps, i.e., the ideal-scheme, is superior to a time-varying pricing scheme in the sense that designing a permit scheme does not require commuters’ value of time information and the performance of the scheme is robust to the variation of commuters’ value of time. Although it is impractical to implement the ideal-scheme with an infinite number of steps, the efficiency loss of a permit scheme with finite steps can be bounded in both cases of homogeneous and heterogeneous commuters. Moreover, considering the permit scheme may lead to an undesirable benefit distribution among commuters, we propose an equal cost-reduction distribution of parking permits where auto commuters with higher value of time will receive fewer permits.     

A review of the impact of parking policy measures on travel demand

This paper reviews the empirical evidence relating to the impact of parking policy measures on the demand for parking and for travel. Disaggregate modal choice models, disaggregate parking location models and site‐specific studies of parking behaviour are examined. With regard to modal choice models, it is concluded that few studies deal adequately with parking factors, but that there is some support for the view that parking policy measures are a relatively important influence on modal choice. When parking location models are examined parking policy variables are shown to have a substantial impact on choice of parking location. With regard to site‐specific studies, the paper concludes that there is a great variation in the parking price elasticities quoted, which reflects partly the methodological problems associated with such studies. Suggestions to improve model specification are made.