Port Decision Maker Perceptions on the Effectiveness of Climate Adaptation Actions

Effective adaptation to climate change impacts is rapidly becoming an important research topic. Hitherto, the perceptions and attitudes of stakeholders on climate adaptation actions are under researched, partly due to the emphasis on physical and engineering aspects during the adaptation planning process. Building on such considerations, the paper explores the perceptions of port decision makers on the effectiveness of climate adaptation actions. The findings suggest that while port decision makers are aware of potential climate change impacts and feel that more adaptation actions should be undertaken, they are skeptical about their effectiveness and value. This is complemented by a regional analysis on the results, suggesting that more tailor-made adaptation measures suited to local circumstances should be developed. The study illustrates the complexity of climate adaptation planning and of involving port decision makers under the current planning paradigm.     

Who uses smart card? Understanding public transport payment preference in developing contexts,a case study of Manila's LRT-1

The culture of “tingi-tingi” or sachet economy provides a strong backdrop to better understand the payment mode preference of the riding public in the Philippines. First, the use of single journey tickets (SJT) reflects the purchasing practices amongst the urban poor thereby affecting the promotion and uptake of public transport smart cards. Second, as a glocalization strategy, it can inform what, how, when, and why services that has global uptake can be tailored towards the realities of a differentiated, local market conditions.Categorical principal component analysis (CATPCA) is presented to determine the key variables explaining the likelihood of uptake of smart cards for public transport passengers in the Philippines. The Metro Manila Light Rail Transit Line 1 (LRT-1) presents an appropriate context to examine how the glocalization of smart cards can help improve the quality of public transport services, and to provide planning and policy recommendations on smart card uptake and integrated ticketing, with the end goal of improving public transport provision and management. LRT-1 alongside its change in management, also introduced a new smart card payment system. However, more than half continue to use single journey tickets.The model parameters are estimated using primary survey data collected from LRT-1 passengers. Transit smart card has been widely used around the world and effectively reduces waiting time for passengers who used to purchase paper tickets.The main results of the model reveal that: (1) only groups with high education background, stable income, or with stable job would likely to use smart card; (2) passengers with lower education level, lower income, or with unstable job prefer to use single journey ticket; and (3) the sachet economy is strongly associated with the purchasing practices amongst Filipinos, particularly the urban poor, hence may affect the promotion and uptake of public transit smart cards. These findings may inform changes to the introduction of alternative payment schemes and the planning of public transport policies that recognise the need for an effective glocalization strategy, paving the way towards improved public transport service and provision.     

基于非接触远程智能感知的桥梁形态监测试验

为进一步提高利用非接触式影像监测大型桥梁安全状态的精度与效率,实现结构健康监测系统兼有经济、可信且全息的技术理论优势,提出依据结构全息影像序列数据的非接触式机器视觉远程智能感知进行桥梁结构全息几何形态监测的方法。通过单机自动巡转桥梁立面动静影像全息监测系统试验装置获取试验桥在各损伤/作用工况下的原始动静影像数据,根据序列数据在时间、空间上具有强关联信息的特性,分别构建降噪及抗扰动单元、欧拉运动放大单元及运动信息提取单元进行全息几何形态测量,以历次试验监测数据为样本数据集,利用分层思想依次建立数据抽样和结构几何信息间映射的数学网络模型,经结构设计不断训练、调试与优化桥梁力学行为智能感知网络,最后获取试验桥在试验过程中的全息变形、全息变形包络谱、全息位移时程曲线。研究结果表明：该方法获得的数据与传统的常规接触式传感器实测值基本吻合,试验桥在各工况下的曲线变化趋势基本一致,全息变形测量值平均误差12.21%,全息变形包络谱测量值平均误差9.06%,全息位移时程曲线测量值平均误差8.55%,对环境规律噪声信号筛除效率为81.9%,基于非接触远程智能感知的桥梁形态监测真实、连续、敏感、较为准确地反映了结构在各损伤/作用工况下的真实形态变化,可为后续进一步研究结构状态演绎以及损伤智能化识别方法奠定基础。     

风险驾驶模拟情境下驾驶人风险感知研究

分析风险驾驶情境中静态与动态结合过程的特征,给出风险驾驶情境风险度 (SRD)的定义.基于交通冲突分析技术及主观评价,提出风险驾驶SRD的量化评价方法.采用驾驶模拟实验研究,以六个典型的风险驾驶情境为研究对象,提取专家型被试的驾驶行为进行风险驾驶情境下的交通冲突分析,结合主观评价结果,得到驾驶人风险感知能力的识别基准.通过分析不同风险度情境下的驾驶行为差异,验证SRD 对驾驶行为的影响.本文的实验过程、方法及结论为我国驾驶人风险感知能力测试提供理论与实践参考.     

出口梗阻型便秘的动力障碍分型诊断新策略

目的研究出口梗阻型便秘(outlet obstructive constipation,OOC)患者肛门直肠动力和感觉功能监测,探讨肛肠动力监测值对OOC的动力障碍分型诊断及指导治疗的实际临床价值。方法通过肛管直肠动力学和感觉功能监测系统检测200例符合RomeⅢ诊断标准的OOC患者及50名健康人(对照组)的肛管直肠动力学和感觉功能监测相关指标,分别分析肛门直肠压力指标和感觉功能监测指标,观察肛肠动力学和感觉功能改变对OOC的动力障碍分型诊断及治疗上的指导作用。同时对比分析OOC患者与对照组的动力和感觉功能相关指标。结果 200例OOC患者肛门直肠动力正常84例,异常116例(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型分别为64、38、14例);Ⅱ型组肛门静息压明显低于对照组、Ⅰ型组和Ⅲ型组(P<0.05)。200例OOC患者中,76例直肠感觉功能正常,124例患者异常。OOC组感知阈值与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。OOC组患者直肠静息压、肛管静息压、肛管最大收缩压和肛管括约肌的长度与正常对照相比均无明显的差异,但松弛压OOC组患者高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论肛门直肠动力和感觉功能测定对OOC的动力障碍分型诊断及选择正确的治疗方法提供了依据,对临床具有很重要的实际意义。     

基于立体感知技术的海上风场水域交通安全监管系统

对我国海上风场水域的交通安全监管现状进行分析,提出基于立体感知技术的海上风场水域交通安全监管系统方案。对该系统的组成和架构进行设计,并在福清兴化湾风电场一期项目中对其监管效果进行测试验证。结果表明,该系统能实现较好的监管效果,该系统的提出有助于提升海上风场的安全防御能力和交通安全管理能力,为我国海上风场的建设和安全监管提供理论参考。     

Assessing urban sidewalk networks based on three constructs: a synthesis of pedestrian level of service literature

ABSTRACT

Pedestrian Level of Service (PLOS) models are widely used to assess walking facilities. These models have been in existence since the 1970s, wherein the process broadly consists of three steps, i.e. attribute selection, model calibration, and classification of model results into service-level categories, based on Measures of Effectiveness (MOEs). This paper reviews existing sidewalk PLOS studies based on their association with the three constructs of flow characteristics, built environment and users’ perception, which in combination represents the entire walking environment spectrum, as has been indicated by existing researchers. Forty-seven PLOS studies, along with eight review papers, written by authors from the Americas, Europe, Asia and Australia, between the years of 1971 and 2019, are analysed in this review. The review finds that although 49% of the studies employed both qualitative and quantitative data for their respective methodologies, but none of them use all the three broad constructs in a combined fashion. Also, in selecting the attributes to be used for developing the PLOS, these studies have only referred to previous literature available at that point in time, and not employed any consistent and robust method in selecting context-specific attributes. When it came to the preferred analysis technique, 60% of the studies favoured the use of the regression technique while calibrating their model, whereas 22% used a points-based marking scheme. Finally, 89% of the studies manually classifies the PLOS model results to respective service levels (i.e. letter grades), as opposed to utilising a classification algorithm. In addition, this review could identify only one paper that describes a PLOS based on pedestrian route directness, which is a measure of pedestrian network connectivity. In view of these findings, the review paper suggests the need of a robust methodology in selection of attributes and the use of innovative modelling techniques, both of which could allow the utilisation of all three constructs. Also, such advanced modelling techniques could bypass the need for categorising service levels manually. Finally, the study advocates the use of network connectivity measures in developing sidewalk PLOS, as it is an important part of the built environment.     

Quantifying traveler information provision in dynamic heterogeneous traffic networks

Information is effectively the same as a change in uncertainty perceived by an observer. This paper adopts the strict definition of information from Shannon’s Information Theory and provides procedures for quantifying effective provision of traveler information, considering it to be equivalent to the change of perceived uncertainty. The proposed method combines a cognitive grouping theory and an information learning scheme at an individual’s level to evaluate the dynamic information provision in the unit of a bit. Such numerical quantification can be meaningful in evaluating alternatives with more fine-grained information provision strategies and understanding their equity impact. Quantifying information in a manner consistent with Information Theory also provides a ‘shared language’ that facilitates more constructive discussion among stakeholders from different backgrounds. The case study is conducted on a heterogeneous dynamic traffic network near Downtown Los Angeles for evaluating different alternatives of a proposed dynamic message board in terms of its location and dynamic content.     

感知器在船舶航行危险评估中的应用

为保障船舶安全,避免海损事故,有必要对船舶的航行危险进行评估.航行危险评估可看做是模式识别的问题.通过问卷调查获得航行危险相关数据,采用两种不同的感知器算法对航行危险进行识别,得到了危险评估模型.     

Digging Deep: Managing Social and Policy Dimensions of Geoduck Aquaculture Conflict in Puget Sound,Washington

Shellfish aquaculture can result in conflicts among stakeholders who perceive impacts and tradeoffs regarding sense of place, aesthetic, recreational, economic, and ecological values. Pacific geoduck clams (Panopea generosa Gould 1850) are grown in intertidal plots using gear- and labor-intensive techniques that result in a high value export product. A confluence of issues has resulted in on-going social and legal tensions surrounding geoduck aquaculture in southern Puget Sound, Washington (WA), USA. Using interviews and document analysis, we explored stakeholder perspectives and policy issues related to geoduck aquaculture in southern Puget Sound. Twenty-three stakeholders were interviewed, including state agency employees, representatives of the aquaculture industry, nongovernmental organizations, landowners, a tribal member, and an academic. Nine state hearings board decisions on challenges to aquaculture permits were also analyzed. Stakeholders articulated a variety of perspectives regarding aesthetic, recreational, land-use, ecological, political, regulatory, and economic aspects of geoduck aquaculture activities. Hearings board cases addressed similar issues (aesthetic, ecological, and recreational), as well as challenges to restrictions on aquaculture. Potential strategies for managing this conflict include emphasizing best management practices, identifying and incorporating best available science, joint fact-finding approaches, and initiating and improving communication among all stakeholders.