Optimization of bus allocation to depots by minimizing dead kilometers

In metropolitan cities, public transportation service plays a vital role in mobility of people, and it has to introduce new routes more frequently due to the fast development of the city in terms of population growth and city size. Whenever there is introduction of new route or increase in frequency of buses, the non‐revenue kilometers covered by the buses increases as depot and route starting/ending points are at different places. This non‐revenue kilometers or dead kilometers depends on the distance between depot and route starting point/ending point. The dead kilometers not only results in revenue loss but also results in an increase in the operating cost because of the extra kilometers covered by buses. Reduction of dead kilometers is necessary for the economic growth of the public transportation system. Therefore, in this study, the attention is focused on minimizing dead kilometers by optimizing allocation of buses to depots depending upon the shortest distance between depot and route starting/ending points. We consider also depot capacity and time period of operation during allocation of buses to ensure parking safety and proper maintenance of buses. Mathematical model is developed considering the aforementioned parameters, which is a mixed integer program, and applied to Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) routes operating presently in order to obtain optimal bus allocation to depots. Database for dead kilometers of depots in BMTC for all the schedules are generated using the Form‐4 (trip sheet) of each schedule to analyze depot‐wise and division‐wise dead kilometers. This study also suggests alternative locations where depots can be located to reduce dead kilometers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

油水两相流对滑动轴承油膜压力的影响

  目的  为了研究油水混合润滑状态下含水量对润滑油粘度和浸润性的影响规律,  方法  配置不同比例的油水混合液,模拟恶劣工况下的润滑介质,借助精准的测试仪器,通过多次测试取平均值的方法,得到不同含水量下混合液的粘度值和接触角。  结果  结果表明：润滑油的粘度随含水量的增加先上升,在含水量为30%左右时达到最大值,之后迅速下降,逐渐趋于稳定;对于亲油性的摩擦面,一定程度的油水混合模式有助于提升润滑油的浸润性。  结论  研究结果对船舶润滑系统的可靠性设计具有一定的指导意义。     

面向个体出行推荐的联邦异质性模型和算法

为实现兼顾偏好异质性与数据隐私化的个体出行推荐,基于模型参数化聚合与分布式训练的联邦学习计算范式,提出了一种联邦混合罗吉特(FMXL)模型,可解构标准MXL模型,以实现本地个体偏好与全局群体差异参数估算的分离;为了消除模型对原始数据的依赖,提出了标准与聚合2种联邦吉布斯抽样算法,通过本地与全局参数的交互,实现模型的层次化联合估计;为了验证所提模型与算法,基于Swiss Metro公开数据集,分别搭建了离线与在线2种出行推荐场景。分析结果表明：针对离线场景,2种联邦吉布斯抽样算法拟合的FMXL模型与标准多项式罗吉特模型相比,其对数似然值分别增大了157.8和153.2,预测率分别提升了12.3%和12.1%;与基于集中式吉布斯抽样算法拟合的MXL模型相比,其计算时间分别缩短了64.2%和76.9%,通信时间均缩短了86.2%;针对在线场景,FMXL模型的对数似然值和预测率均呈上升趋势,且整个估计过程的计算和通信时间均低于标准MXL模型。可见,以数据隐私化处理为前提,MXL模型的联邦化训练既能保证出行推荐的精准性,也能充分调动用户端闲置算力,有效提升出行推荐的时效性,体现了所提模型和算法的高适应和可拓展能力,同时基于联邦异质性模型的个体出行推荐还能有效推进交通系统的智能化进程。     

隧道群明暗转换对暗反应时间的影响

在设计的暗室中测得42名被试人在不同明暗转换次数下的暗反应时间,研究了明暗转换次数、隧道类型与连接段类型影响下的驾驶人暗反应时间变化;利用重复测量的一般线性与线性混合模型,分析了不同影响因素下的驾驶人暗反应时间;基于隧道类型和连接段类型对驾驶人暗反应时间变化速率的影响,研究了明暗转换次数、隧道类型与连接段类型对驾驶人暗反应时间的交互影响,建立了明暗转换次数、隧道类型与连接段类型的混合线性模型。研究结果表明：驾驶人暗反应时间随明暗转换次数的增加而减少,在经历3次明暗转换后达到最小值并趋于稳定;明暗转换次数、隧道类型与连接段类型对驾驶人暗反应时间交互影响显著,随明暗转换次数的增加,隧道长度与驾驶人暗反应时间的减少速率呈正相关,连接段长度与驾驶人暗反应时间的减少速率呈负相关;明暗转换次数越多,连接段长度越短,驾驶人黑暗辨识错误率越高; 明暗转换次数越多,连接段长度越短,隧道长度越长,驾驶人暗反应时间越短,越有利于交通安全,但频繁的明暗转换与极短的连接段会降低驾驶人的累计黑暗辨识正确率,存在安全隐患。     

Time control point strategy coupled with transfer coordination in bus schedule design

A schedule consisting of an appropriate arrival time at each time control point can ensure reliable transport services. This paper develops a novel time control point strategy coupled with transfer coordination for solving a multi‐objective schedule design problem to improve schedule adherence and reduce intermodal transfer disutility. The problem is formulated using a robust mixed‐integer nonlinear programming model. The mixed‐integer nonlinear programming model is equivalently transformed into a robust mixed‐integer linear programming model, which is then approximated by a deterministic mixed‐integer linear programming model through Monte Carlo simulation. Thus, the optimal scheduled arrival time at each time control point can be precisely obtained using cplex . Numerical experiments based on three bus lines and the mass rapid transit system in Singapore are presented, and the results show that the schedule determined using the developed model is able to provide not only reliable bus service but also a smooth transfer experience for passengers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An exploration of the relationships between socioeconomics,land use and daily trip chain pattern among low-income residents

Daily trip chain complexity and type choices of low-income residents are examined based on activity travel diary survey data in Nanjing, China. Statistical tests reveal that non-work trip chain complexity is distinctly distinct between low-income residents and non-low-income residents. Low-income residents are inclined to make simple non-work chains. Two types of econometric models, a stereotype logit model and mixed logit model, are then developed to investigate the possible explanatory variables affecting their trip pattern. The number of stops within a chain and chain types are considered as dependent variables, while independent variables include household and personal characteristics as well as land use variables. Results show that once convenient and flexible conditions are supplied, low-income residents are more likely to make multiple activities in a trip chain. Areas with high population and employment densities are associated with complex work trip chains and more non-work activity involvement.     

A robust optimization approach for dynamic traffic signal control with emission considerations

We consider an analytical signal control problem on a signalized network whose traffic flow dynamic is described by the Lighthill–Whitham–Richards (LWR) model (Lighthill and Whitham, 1955; Richards, 1956). This problem explicitly addresses traffic-derived emissions as constraints or objectives. We seek to tackle this problem using a mixed integer mathematical programming approach. Such class of problems, which we call LWR-Emission (LWR-E), has been analyzed before to certain extent. Since mixed integer programs are practically efficient to solve in many cases (Bertsimas et al., 2011b), the mere fact of having integer variables is not the most significant challenge to solving LWR-E problems; rather, it is the presence of the potentially nonlinear and nonconvex emission-related constraints/objectives that render the program computationally expensive.To address this computational challenge, we proposed a novel reformulation of the LWR-E problem as a mixed integer linear program (MILP). This approach relies on the existence of a statistically valid macroscopic relationship between the aggregate emission rate and the vehicle occupancy on the same link. This relationship is approximated with certain functional forms and the associated uncertainties are handled explicitly using robust optimization (RO) techniques. The RO allows emissions-related constraints and/or objectives to be reformulated as linear forms under mild conditions. To further reduce the computational cost, we employ a link-based LWR model to describe traffic dynamics with the benefit of fewer (integer) variables and less potential traffic holding. The proposed MILP explicitly captures vehicle spillback, avoids traffic holding, and simultaneously minimizes travel delay and addresses emission-related concerns.     

自动驾驶系统交通规则符合性仿真验证方法

随着自动驾驶技术的不断发展,高级别自动驾驶车辆逐步在限定区域开展实际道路测试,确保和提高自动驾驶系统安全驾驶能力是当前研究、测试和工程开发的热点难点。面对自动驾驶车辆将长期与人类驾驶车辆混行,并与其他交通参与者遵守同样交通规则的现实需要,提出一种验证和测试自动驾驶系统交通规则符合性的方法,以期降低多车混行条件下的交通安全风险。针对各类交通法律法规语义自动解析技术瓶颈,提出规范化-逻辑化两阶段交通规则数字化模型,基于改进谓词度量时序逻辑框架(Metric Temporal Logic,MTL),将自然语言交通规则转换为命题、逻辑连接词和时序算子组成的逻辑编码,生成了自动驾驶系统可理解、可执行、可验证的数字化交通规则,并构建了交通规则命题的分级分类体系。提出了一套基于自动驾驶车辆高精度运动轨迹的交通规则符合性验证算法,并搭建仿真试验平台,在高速公路交通场景下开展了试验验证。理论分析与试验表明：精简命题空间、新增时序算子和谓词逻辑词等改进有效提高了原有MTL框架的时间表现能力,解决了时序逻辑性不足等问题,大幅提高了交通规则数字化转换效率,对地方性交通法规和未来交通法规修订提供了良好的兼容性。提出的交通规则符合性验证方法及试验平台可以有效测试自动驾驶系统对现有交通规则的遵守能力,相关成果对提高自动驾驶系统安全性能和未来混行交通安全管控水平具有重要意义。     

Risk perception affecting the performance of shipping companies: the moderating effect of China and Korea

Risks in the shipping industry have been highlighted and have attracted significant attention, especially following the bankruptcy of Hanjin in 2017. Due to the decrease in container volume, the business environment for large shipping companies in China has deteriorated. Therefore, major large shipping companies have implemented mixed ownership reform, which provides more opportunities for large Korean shipping companies to enter the Chinese shipping industry. This study first identifies risk perception, specifically focusing on the moderating effect of Chinese and Korean shipping companies, and then demonstrates the impact of these risks on shipping company performance. The results show that market, operational, and technical risks have a negative influence on Chinese shipping companies, whereas market, policy, financial, operations, and technical risks have a negative influence on Korean shipping companies. This study contributes to the fundamental understanding of the effect of risk perception on performance among shipping companies in both countries and calls for further research on risk management plans based on the risk factors identified herein. On a practical level, this study provides an important reference for operators and investors who seek to enter strategic alliances or joint venture in Chinese shipping industry.