Information Required for Integrated Coastal Zone Management: Conclusions from the European Demonstration Programme

This article presents the results of the Thematic Study on "the role of information in delivering Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Europe." It provides a definition of information and discusses the need for, and nature of, information as it influences and supports ICZM. The conclusions from the study are summarized, highlighting the importance of viewing information provision as part of the process of developing effective ICZM. The results of InfoCoast '99, a symposium held in February 1999 on knowledge and information for coastal management, are discussed and some of the practical steps that have and can be taken to meet the information need for ICZM in Europe are considered.     

Shipping inspections,detentions, and incidents: an empirical analysis of risk dimensions

ABSTRACT

Inspections play a key role in keeping vessels safe. Inspection authorities employ different policies to decide which vessels to inspect, including type of vessel, age, and flag. Attention for vessel history is usually restricted only to past detentions. This paper demonstrates that the correlation between the probabilities of detention and (very serious and serious) incidents is very low and that proactive prevention of future incidents is improved by accounting for both risk dimensions, that is, by combining past incident and detention information for targeting high-risk vessels for inspection. Five combined methods are presented to classify vessels based on these two risk dimensions, each of which involves extensive sets of factors. These combined classification methods have predictive power for future incidents. Depending on the applied inspection rate, incorporation of incident risk improves inspection hit rates for vessels with future incidents by 30–50% compared to using only detention information. It is recommended to focus on vessels where both risks are relatively high. A practical example shows how the methods can be applied for inspection selection and for prioritizing inspection areas defined in terms of eight risk domains that include collisions, groundings, engine and hull failures, loss of life, fire, and pollution.     

Overview of public transport policy developments in South Africa

Public transport in South Africa is one of the most burning issues in the transport sector. The government is faced with huge public pressure to improve public transport systems in the face of rising fuel costs, the pending implementation of expensive urban toll road systems in the Gauteng province, and elsewhere in urban environments, public transport safety issues, public transport fleet renewal, especially the commuter rail services, as well as limited resources to fund public transport. As a developing country, the South African Government has pressing funding issues such as funds needed to improve housing for the poor to improve schooling and public health services. Government is also faced with a vocal minibus taxi industry that transports an estimated 65% of all commuters in the country that is also insisting on subsidies for its services.     

Four decades of changing transport policy in Santiago,Chile

During the last forty years, Santiago has experienced a series of drastic changes in public transport policies. These changes have ranged widely, from total deregulation to processes that concentrated the management of public transport within the hands of the public sector.     

Ecological sustainability of the South Australian coastal aquaculture management policies

Coastal aquaculture in South Australia has been going through a period of unprecedented growth during the past seven years. The value of the South Australian aqua‐culture industry has increased from US$1.3 million in 1990–1991 to an estimated US$31 million in 1996–1997. This growth has led to the implementation of planning and management policies by the state government. South Australian coastal waters have been divided into regions, and regional aquaculture management plans have been prepared. These management policies have generated concerns among interest groups and the community. The recent coastal aquaculture planning and management policies are described and analyzed, focusing on their contribution to the development of an ecologically sustainable industry. The need for an integrated approach to management is emphasized, especially given the great interest of the state government on the development of the industry.     

Framing the Nexus of Globalisation,Logistics and Manufacturing in Europe

Abstract

Under the ongoing influence of globalisation, supply chains have changed significantly. New logistics and manufacturing systems have emerged, causing longer transport distances and increasing transport emissions. The existing research into the sustainability impacts of freight transport has largely viewed it as being a macro-level economic and political phenomenon and has ignored the interdependencies amongst micro-level economic actors, including firms and businesses in the private sector. In this paper, we presume that the lack of conceptualisation of freight transport in relation to wider institutional contexts and firm behaviour results in the lack of a holistic approach to understanding freight governance in the face of globalisation. We argue for the use of institutional economic geography lenses to elucidate the distribution networks of emerging logistics and manufacturing practices and its implications for freight transport. We illustrate our argument through a broad look at the European logistics and manufacturing practices and global production.     

浅谈美国对外政策话语中的三种语义策略

在美同的对外政策话语中,美国政府经常运用三种语义策略获取最大的国家利益,一是通过词语语义意象号召国内民众支持政府的外交政策;二是通过调控词语概念的语义内涵和外延,以及如何利用语义度差使词语概念成为一种特殊的外交武器;三是通过构建叙事结构诱导民众产生心理预期,接受政府需要的心理现实,成为对外政策的拥护者。     

快速城镇化下的公共交通优先政策研究

随着城镇化快速发展,高度聚集和紧凑布局的城市特征以及日益凸现的交通拥堵问题,决定了优先发展公共交通是中国城市和城市交通发展的必然选择。首先分析中国快速城镇化背景下公共交通发展定位,同时对现行的公共交通发展政策进行梳理。以战略性、前瞻性、系统性、实施性为原则,提出促进公共交通优先发展的公共政策体系框架,并详细阐述城市发展、公共交通、交通需求管理、科技创新四个方面的具体政策建议。     

《北京交通发展纲要（2004-2020）》实施情况及评估

在北京市进入社会经济现代化、城市化和机动化高速发展时期,交通形势十分严峻的背景下,北京市颁布了《北京交通发展纲要（2004-2020）》（以下简称《纲要》）。对“纲要》颁布以来北京交通取得的成就进行评估,在此基础上总结北京交通发展的成功经验并反思发展过程中存在的问题,为《纲要》的进一步修编提供参考。     

交通拥挤收费政策的经济影响分析

针对交通拥挤收费政策普遍采用的成本—效益分析(CBA)框架存在的缺陷,首先回顾了拥挤收费的经济学原理。然后从研究方法和研究内容两方面剖析CBA框架存在的问题,指出时间价值计算不严谨及交易成本被忽视等问题将对政策实施效果带来负面影响,并就伦敦和斯德哥尔摩拥挤收费案例社会净收益计算结果的可靠性提出质疑。接着结合各参与方的净收益分析、收费区商业影响及其他产业影响等内容,指出CBA分析框架可扩展的内容。最后提出了改进的经济影响分析框架,为全面评价拥挤收费政策效果提供参考。