A new approach to cross-sector cooperation in road safety through a comparison of policies in selected countries

Statistics from the databases of various countries and international organizations show that road accident rates and fatalities have fallen since the 1970s. With demographic changes taking place in many developed countries, however, accident and accident-risk patterns have changed in the last two decades. This study aims to introduce a new approach to cross-sector cooperation with the hope of making road safety more holistic and sustainable. The authors compare the road safety policies of three selected countries based on various categories, using a simple quantitative method. The results show some fragmentation within the policies, illustrating the need for a new road safety approach. The effort to reduce road traffic accidents by 50% by the year 2020 has also increased the pressure on stakeholders to meet this goal. This paper's contribution toward the 2020 goal lies in its recommendation of a new approach to road safety that will enlighten stakeholders on probable missing links in road safety.     

城市交通系统的公共政策研究

城市交通系统是一个复杂的动态系统,由它产生的城市交通问题具有普遍性、紧迫性和长期性。因此．要解决城市交通问题既要参考国内外经验,又要立足实际。只有循序渐进地不断修正城市交通政策,才能切实提高政府的执政能力．建立一个适应城市经济发展和满足市民实际需求的城市交通系统。     

中国城市交通模式的正确选择

为了使正处于城镇化、工业化和机动化高度重叠的特殊时期的我国城市,能够正确选择城市交通发展道路,对全球城市交通模式进行了划分。揭示了以美国为代表的“无序机动化”的现实危害,分析了少数国家推动的“消极机动化”城市交通模式在我国推行的不现实性。在此基础上,结合中国城市所处的发展阶段,提出构建具有中国特色的可持续城市交通模式,阐述了该模式的内涵和具体策略。最后指出,城市只有坚持“可持续机动化”的发展思路,才能建立起节能减排、方便出行、安全可靠的城市交通系统。     

我们的“格差”在哪里？——评加藤嘉一《北京交通困境与“格差”》一文

从一个交通专业人士的认识角度,对日本友人加藤嘉一的《北京交通困境与“格差”》一文作出响应和解释。中国改革开放、经济腾飞带来的大城市交通拥堵问题是一个发展中的问题,介绍了城市交通拥堵经历的2个阶段,并对第2阶段的交通需求特征进行着重描述,认为一些城市的交通政策与基础设施建设和“以人为本”的交通理念严重背道而驰。对交通与“格差”的问题,从贫富、能力、条件、信息、地位、观念等多方面进行了探讨,最后指出,经过10-20年的努力,中国城市交通整体面貌和运行状况必将得到极大改善。     

城市公共自行车交通系统实施机制

自行车交通由个体交通向准公共交通的转化,是城市实施公交优先战略、城市交通可持续发展战略的重要政策与举措之一。给出了公共自行车交通系统（PBS）的概念,分析总结了欧洲及国内部分城市PBS的实践与经验教训。指出适合发展PBS的城市应具备的自然环境条件,并提出因子评价法用以判断我国适宜发展该系统的城市。提出要从规划与管理、社会意识与宣传、经营与运作、技术支撑4个层面制定相关政策,保障PBS的实施,补充和完善城市综合交通系统,并分别讨论了4个层面机制包含的具体内容。     

英国停车换乘交通对策的实践与借鉴

以英国停车换乘(P&R)发展为例,从交通特征、土地利用、环境、商业开发以及社会问题等角度客观分析总结P&R的实施效果,并结合上海综合客运枢纽的规划中37处P&R枢纽的设置,探讨了英国经验对于上海发展P&R的借鉴。     

实现人人拥有交通权的出行服务——法国实例

以法国为例,就如何保障弱势群体的交通权利展开探讨。从主管机构的角色分析入手,对其采取的区域政策、社区政策进行了介绍和评价,并分析了公共交通票价补贴政策的变迁及存在的问题。然后从社会工作者角度,归纳了社会工作机构针对弱势群体的交通支持措施的创新类型,分析了创新原则、局限性及面临的挑战。     

The effect of railway privatization on train planning: A case study of the UK

The restructuring of the UK railway industry in preparation for privatization led to major changes being made to train planning processes. Subsequent train planning problems, some of which became very public, suggest that something went seriously wrong during the development or implementation of these revised processes. This paper investigates what went wrong and why, finding that several factors were involved, including the objectives the new processes were expected to meet and the software that was being developed to support the new processes. There are clear lessons to be learnt from the UK experience to inform debate on future railway restructuring initiatives.     

Development of Beach Analysis Tools for Caribbean Small Islands

Beach erosion presents a hazard to coastal tourism facilities, which provide the main economic thrust for most Caribbean small islands (CSIs). Ad hoc approaches to addressing this problem have given way to the integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) approach, which recommends data collection, analysis of coastal processes, and assessment of impacts. UNESCO's Coast and Beach Stability in the Caribbean (COSALC) project has provided most CSIs with an opportunity to monitor their beaches and collect over 10 years of data. Research has been directed at integrating these data with geographic information systems (GIS) and other information technologies to develop a prototype beach analysis and management system (BAMS) for CSIs. This article presents the results of phase I development of this effort, which includes the development of tools for integrating spatial and non-spatial coastal data, estimating long-term beach erosion/accretion and sand volume change trends at individual beaches, identifying erosion-sensitive beaches, and mapping beach erosion hazards. The Southeast Peninsula, St. Kitts, is used as a case study to develop these tools and demonstrate system functionality.     

The U.S. national marine sanctuary program: An analysis of the program's implementation and current issues

Abstract

The U.S. National Marine Sanctuary Program was established in 1972 by Title III of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (16 U.S.C. §1431 et seq.). In this article, we discuss the development of the sanctuary concept, and the original intent of Congress, and analyze how it was applied by the sanctuary program. Differences in interpretation of the program's purpose are examined, including discussion of the multiple‐use management concept, an important but controversial management technique used in the sanctuaries. The continuing efforts by Congress and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to clarify the program's purpose are investigated. The program's administrative history is explained and the current sanctuaries and active candidates are briefly described. In light of the 1988 reauthorization of the Marine Sanctuary Act, the current issues facing the program are analyzed. Finally, we draw conclusions and make recommendations for the program's future.