Lessons Learned from the Marine Management Area Science Program: Insights for Global Conservation Science Programs

Drawing on experiences from the four regions and the overall conduct of the Marine Management Area Science (MMAS) program, this concluding article highlights emergent cross-cutting themes that affected MMAS programs across the regions, summarizes the important conservation outcomes of the MMAS program, and then discusses lessons gained from the actual process of conducting the MMAS program. Based on these insights, particularly the last section, this article concludes with recommendations for other conservation programs, specifically those that are global in scope and are science-based with a specific intent to apply that science to conservation action.     

美国旅游公路发展及对我国的启示

为寻求我国旅游公路的合理发展途径,结合现阶段对我国旅游公路内涵、结构及功能的理 解,通过对美国旅游公路发展背景的研究,为我国旅游公路体系的构建提供借鉴与经验。分析了 美国旅游公路自20 世纪60 年代至今的发展历程与发展成效,认为旅游公路的发展成为其交通行 业的新发展点,诞生了公路旅游知名品牌,为复兴沿线经济提供了主要条件。同时根据我国旅游 公路发展的基本情况与现存问题,以满足社会经济发展及人民精神生活需求为出发点,比较我国 与美国旅游公路的发展特征,分析我国开展旅游公路规划建设的可行性与必要性,认为我国现阶 段与美国开展国家层面旅游公路体系构建的初始阶段面临的时机、发展环境及建设价值均具有相 似性,我国也具备较为充分的发展条件。并在我国现行体制基础上,提出建立我国旅游公路体系 的具体建议,包括建立评估认定机制,推行区域旅游公路规划,建立建设标准、管理机制,研究 投融资政策,以及整体构建我国旅游公路体系的最终目标。     

深圳市多中心空间结构下的客运交通组织

过去30年,深圳城市空间逐渐由原特区内的带状组团拓展至现阶段的全境轴带梯度推进,并出现与城市规划期望的多中心组团化相背离的发展趋势。总结深圳市城市空间拓展与交通设施布局互动发展历程中的经验及教训,提出多中心组团化空间结构下的交通组织模式。强调结合城市不同功能中心布局客运枢纽,重点关注全国性、区域性、全市性三个层级的客运枢纽。依托城市"三轴两带"形成骨干交通走廊,为未来空间发展预留弹性空间。基于多中心组团化空间发展愿景以及规划预测出行分析,划分六大交通政策分区,并给出不同分区的居住人口、就业岗位等指标,公共交通发展目标,以及需求管理措施等发展指引。     

中国船舶工业发展趋势及企业生产经营建议

"十二五"是中国造船业由大转强的重要战略机遇期,我国造船业面临的形势异常严峻:世界新船订单巨幅下滑,市场竞争更加激烈,原材料、人工等成本不断上涨,人民币升值压力不断加大等许多问题。面对"十二五",造船企业要抓住机遇,迎接挑战,加快推进结构调整和产业升级,掌控船舶工业未来发展的主动权。     

世界及我国船用低速柴油机行业发展研究

文章介绍了世界和我国船用低速柴油机行业的市场规模和竞争格局,分析了我国船用低速柴油机行业在产业集中度、二轮配套能力、自主创新能力和组织管理等方面存在的问题,并就如何提升行业竞争力,给出加大核心配套能力建设、加大高端产品的引进消化吸收等几点建议。     

The Contribution of Benefit-in-Kind Taxation Policy in Britain to the ‘Peak Car’ Phenomenon

Car use per person has historically grown year-on-year in Great Britain since the 1950s, with minor exceptions during fuel crises and times of economic recession. The ‘Peak Car’ hypothesis proposes that this historical trend no longer applies. The British National Travel Survey provides evidence of such an aggregate levelling off in car mileage per person since the mid-1990s, but further analysis shows that this is the result of counter trends netting out: in particular, a reduction in per capita male driving mileage being offset by a corresponding increase in female car driving mileage. A major contributory factor to the decline in male car use has been a sharp reduction in average company car mileage per person. This paper investigates this aspect in more detail. Use of company cars fell sharply in Britain from the 1990s up to the 2008 recession. Over the same period, taxation policy towards company cars became more onerous, with increasing levels of taxation on the benefit-in-kind value of the ownership of a company car and on the provision of free fuel for private use. The paper sets out the changes in taxation policy affecting company cars in the UK, and looks at the associated reductions in company car ownership (including free fuel) and patterns of use. It goes on to look in more detail at which groups of the population have kept company cars and in which parts of the country they have been most used, and how these patterns have changed over time. A preliminary investigation is also made of possible substitution effects between company car and personal car driving and between company car use and rail travel. Clearly, the role of the company car is only one of many factors that are contributing to aggregate changes in levels of car use in Great Britain, alongside demographic changes and a wide range of policy initiatives. But, company car use cannot fall below zero, so the effect of declining year-on-year company car mileage suppressing overall car traffic levels cannot continue indefinitely.     

The Greening of Ports: A Comparison of Port Management Tools Used by Leading Ports in Asia and Europe

Abstract

From the policy and management perspective, this study aims to investigate the port management tools that port/public authorities have at their disposal and then to analyse to what extent the tools are used to enforce or encourage green port development at functional activities of port operations and development. We conduct an exploratory and comparative review based on two axes: on the one hand, the range of tools available to port authorities (pricing, monitoring and measuring, market access control and environmental standard regulation) and on the other hand, the functional activities in ports (shipping traffic, cargo handling and storage operations, intermodal connection, industrial activities, and port expansion). The situations in the leading ports in Asia and Europe, namely Singapore, Shanghai, Antwerp and Rotterdam are studied and compared, whereby the policies' effectiveness is discussed accordingly. Findings show that the ports are particularly mature in exercising environmental standard regulations which reveals that the enforcement approach is more prevalent. The most focused functional activity is shipping traffic which reflects that the ports are driven by the International Maritime Organisation. The respective port authorities in Antwerp and Rotterdam have a higher level of influence on devising green port policy in comparison to the two Asian ports.     

Implementation of sustainable urban transport in Latin America

Transportation provides vital support to the economic and social development of Latin America cities, but current growth patterns and trends are not sustainable. While non-motorized and public transport modes have the largest shares in passenger transport, there is a strong increase in ownership and use of cars and motorcycles. In Latin America in 2010 there were 2.5 new motor vehicle registrations for every new child being born.     

对台湾海峡隧道通行方式与施工方案的探讨

针对台湾海峡通道隧道与桥梁方案通行方式存在差异及施工技术更为复杂的问题,对通行电动汽车的可能性和隧道布置方案进行探讨,对台湾海峡隧道TBM施工的通风、运输、设备可靠性及工期控制等关键制约因素进行分析,认为从技术可靠、工期可控的原则出发,有必要布置人工岛对隧道施工段落进行分割。对人工岛的功能、结构方案提出了设想,对今后的研究工作提出了建议。     

城市公共交通优先发展体系框架研究

城市公共交通优先发展体系框架是实现公共交通优先发展的基本保障。首先,总结了城市公共交通优先发展的重大战略意义;然后,通过分析公共交通优先发展面临的问题,系统梳理体系框架的主要构成要素。围绕公共交通引导城乡区域健康协调发展、保障公民享有公共服务权利,对体系框架构成要素及其具体内容进行创新与集成,提出包括"四大体系、三个层面"的公共交通优先发展体系框架构想。四大体系即法律法规保障体系、政策扶持体系、科技支撑体系、综合管理体系,三个层面即各体系所涉及的国家、城市与公共交通服务层面,各体系及层面的具体内容相互联系、相互配合、有机统一。