试论物流发展与节能减排的关系

针对我国物流发展情况,阐述了物流发展与节能减排的关系。提出通过优化运输结构、整合物流职能和供应链管理,达到节能减排的目的。     

污染物对自动变速器的影响与控制方法研究

本文详细论述了自动变速器中的污染物形成根源及对自动变速器的危害,分析了目前变速箱中应用的清洁度标准,从而提出了控制污染的措施。     

大跨桥梁油罐车燃烧火灾模型计算方法研究

桥梁上油罐车燃烧可分为油罐车火灾和燃油泄漏油池火灾2种,为了建立2种定量分析的火灾模型,基于火灾学原理,采用理论分析与FDS数值模拟相结合的方法,提出了考虑危化品种类、桥面风、油罐车尺寸等因素的油罐车火灾最大热释放速率定量计算方法;建立了燃烧油池最大直径、扩散时间以及直径扩大速度的求解方程,提出了可表征不同泄漏孔径下油池扩散、燃烧动态过程的数学模型,并通过前人的试验结果对模型的正确性进行了验证。通过对依托工程的分析,结果表明:油罐车火灾时,最大热释放速率与桥面风速正相关,但增长幅度逐渐减小,风速从4.96 m·s^-1增至10.84 m·s^-1时,最大热释放速率的变化范围为62.89~113.54 MW,随风速增加至10.84 m·s^-1,燃烧时间逐渐变短,缩短至原来的57%,火焰高度逐渐降低,趋近于9.5 m(含油罐车高度);火焰核心区域随风速增大而增大,且向下风向倾斜。泄漏油池燃烧时,泄漏孔径的变化对热释放速率和油池扩散时间影响较小;泄漏速率比接近于泄漏孔半径的平方比,油池最大直径比、扩大速度比与泄漏孔半径比相当,燃烧时间随泄漏孔半径的增大而减小,减小速度变缓;随着燃烧油池直径增大,火焰高度增加,火焰核心区域增大;当扩散至最大直径时,其火焰的水平影响区域比油罐车燃烧更广,但燃烧时间更短。     

我国公路营运汽车污染物排放量总量及预测

机动车污染物的排放量预测是研究降低机动车排放污染对策和专项行动的基础。我国公路营运汽车污染物排放量已经成为机动车污染物排放中不可忽视的组成部分。文章通过对影响营运汽车污染物排放水平的主要因素分析,根据国家环保总局的机动车排放因子的试验测算结果,推算营运汽车排放因子;然后对我国公路营运汽车保有量、年均行驶里程进行的现状分析、建模、计算和趋势预测,最后运用机动车污染物年排放量模型,计算出未来15年内主要特征年的污染物排放总量。根据对以上计算和预测结果分析可知,未来10多年间,营运汽车污染物排放总量呈下降趋势。     

海洋环境下基于可靠度的混凝土结构耐久性评估

钢筋锈蚀是造成混凝土结构耐久性失效的最主要原因,海洋环境下导致混凝土结构中钢筋锈蚀的主要因素是C l-侵蚀。本文考虑氯离子的渗透随机过程,建立了海洋环境下结构抗力的随机模型;以桥梁服役状态下,钢筋锈蚀导致结构性能劣化为出发点,运用可靠度分析方法,对海洋环境下钢筋混凝土结构不同时期计入耐久性的承载力进行了分析,并用于某跨海大桥墩柱的耐久性评估。     

Lagrangian modelling of plankton motion: From deceptively simple random walks to Fokker–Planck and back again

The movement of plankton, either by turbulent mixing or their own inherent motility, can be simulated in a Lagrangian framework as a random walk. Validation of random walk simulations is essential. There is a continuum of mathematically valid stochastic integration schemes upon which random walk simulations depend, each of which lead to radically different macro-scale dynamics as expressed in their corresponding Fokker–Planck equations. In addition, diffusivity is not a unique parameter describing a random walk and its corresponding Fokker–Planck equation. Spatially varying translation speed and turn frequency have different effects on population distributions. Validation requires extra information either in the form of the well-mixed condition for physical diffusion, or in detailed information on the sensing ability, internal state modulation and swimming response for plankton motility.     

A commuting model for the analysis of the impacts of a tramway project: application to the Lens area

Road congestion is not only an issue for major European urban agglomerations, but also for smaller ones. It is also the case of the Lens urban area, where car use is much higher than the average for medium-sized urban agglomerations in France. Local authorities put forward tramway projects to deal with the strongly negative externalities of congestion: travel time losses and pollution. To analyse its medium-term impact, we have developed a commuting with congestion model, inspired by the four-step traditional model, but with data made available from an origin–destination matrix. The results are encouraging but insufficient, and it is necessary to adopt supplementary measures in order to retrieve and justify the sizeable investments needed. Some measures prove to be very efficient, such as parking fees and urban tolls. Other measures, such as the subsidization of public transport, are partially efficient since they have an impact mainly on intra-urban commutes.     

基于海洋暴露试验的氯离子扩散系数时空模型研究

在我国腐蚀条件最为恶劣的海南八所港,对3种配合比的混凝土试件进行实海暴露试验,通过测定浪溅区条件下氯离子在混凝土中侵入量,研究氯离子有效扩散系数随时间和深度的演变,为准确预测混凝土结构的使用寿命提供参考。     

Risk assessment for fire safety considering characteristic evacuees and smoke movement in marine fires

In the safety design of marine systems, the matter of human life in the event of a marine fire must be considered. It may be difficult to establish a safe evacuation system because a characteristic behavioral pattern based on human factors is elusive. This study consists of three analyses on (1) the state of smoke diffusion, calculated by the use of a two-layer zone model, (2) evacuation movements, simulated by a group behavioral model, and considering the occurrence of panic and the smoke spreading phase, and (3) the risk index for safety assessment using the results of smoke diffusion and escape movements. This risk index can be used for comparisons between various safety systems, and its validity is confirmed by an evacuation model of common spaces on a typical cruise ship.     

基于污染物扩散的道路限界确定方法

基于排放模型 MOVES和道路扩散模型 CAL3QHC的有机结合,通过比选插值方法,实现了敏感点污染物浓度到全域污染物状况的分析,搭建了交通污染物排放扩散可视分析一体化体系,可开展道路周边污染物扩散全域分析.在该框架下,以中国珠海南湾大道为案例,对比分析了分流前后,南湾大道的重排路段所占比例减少了 13.64%,说明改变道路等级、增加分流道路的方式实现了排放的有效分散;确定分流方案后,对南湾大道分段进行排放讨论,发现 17、18路段排放最严重,确定了其道路限界,具体值为,横向最宽处 192 m,纵向最高处20 m.此外,以交叉口为对象进行扩散分析,综合不同污染物扩散范围后确定交叉口限界.