Internalization of Transportation External Costs: Impact Analysis of Logistics Company Mode and Route Choices

Abstract

This study focuses on the mode and route choices of a logistics company in a situation involving intercity transportation with networks of surface roads, highways and a railway. A method of transportation network analysis is applied to construct a logistics company mode and route choice models with the objective of minimizing total distribution and external costs. This study also assumes that the fleet number and vehicle capacities are given. Freight distributed from a distribution center to given retailers or consumers via surface road/highway links or via intermodal transportation involving surface road/highway links and a railway. In terms of model construction, this study first explores the routing and sequence of the retailers and consumers served by each vehicle. Second, the study internalizes the external cost of air pollution into the total distribution cost, to analyze the influences of external cost burdens on a logistics company mode and route choices from a user charge perspective. Finally, the study designs a heuristic algorithm for solving the above models, and illuminates the modeling process using a numerical example.     

舰艇受损舱室的破损模式识别算法

为了方便舰员准确地判断破损进水的舱室,建立仅依赖舰艇姿态信号进行舱室破损模式识别的算法。使用宽度优先搜索以及回溯查找,建立舱室破损模式空间集的生成算法;依据信息熵理论建立识别属性集的权重计算模型;使用基于“垂面距离”的逼近理想解排序法,建立舱室破损模式识别算法。对某船模的破损模式识别进行实船计算,计算结果表明该识别算法准确、客观。     

Mode transitions in vortex-induced vibrations of a flexible pipe near plane boundary

A pipe model with a mass ratio（mass/displaced mass） of 4.30 was tested to investigate the vortex-induced vibrations of submarine pipeline spans near the seabed.The pipe model was designed as a bending stiffness-dominated beam.The gap ratios（gap to diameter ratio） at the pipe ends were 4.0,6.0,and 8.0.The flow velocity was systematically varied in the 0-16.71 nondimensional velocity range based on the first natural frequency.The mode transition between the first and the second mode as the flow velocity increases was investigated.At various transition flow velocities,the research indicates that the peak frequencies with respect to displacement are not identical along the pipe,nor the frequencies associated with the peak of the amplitude spectra for the first four modes as well.The mode transition is associated with a continuous change in the amplitude,but there＇s a jump in frequency,and a gradual process along the pipe length.     

Review of GPS Travel Survey and GPS Data-Processing Methods

Abstract

Global positioning system (GPS) devices have been utilised in travel surveys since the late 1990s. Because GPS devices are very accurate at recording time and positional characteristics of travel, they can correct the trip-misreporting issue resulting from self-reports of travel and improve the accuracy of travel data. Although the initial idea of using GPS surveys in transport data collection was just to replace paper-based travel diaries, GPS surveys currently are being applied in a number of transport fields. Several general reviews have been done about GPS surveys in the literature review sections in some papers, but a detailed systematic review from GPS data collection to the whole procedure of GPS data processing has not been undertaken. This paper comprehensively reviews the development of GPS surveys and their applications, and GPS data processing. Different from most reviews in GPS research, this paper provides a detailed and systematic comparison between different methods from trip identification to mode and purpose detection, introduces the methods that researchers and planners are currently using, and discusses the pros and cons of those methods. Based on this review, researchers can choose appropriate methods and endeavour to improve them.     

A Review of Ex-Post Evidence for Mode Substitution and Induced Demand Following the Introduction of High-Speed Rail

ABSTRACT

To date, relatively little is known about the nature of the demand for high-speed rail (HSR) soon after inauguration of the services, despite close to 50-year experience of HSR operation and 17 166?km of HSR network around the world. This is a real lacuna given the scale of HSR construction around the world, the amount of resources committed to it, the desired accessibility, economic and environmental effects associated with HSR development and the relatively poor track record of forecasting demand for HSR services. Focusing on mode substitution and induced demand effects, this review aims to fill the gap in knowledge about the ex-post demand for HSR services in order to facilitate a learning process for the planning of the future HSR network. Although there is not much evidence on the demand for HSR services and existing evidence is largely influenced by route-specific characteristics, a methodological limitation that must be acknowledged, the evidence presented allows a better characterisation of HSR as a mode of transport. The review shows that the demand for HSR a few years after inauguration is about 10–20% induced demand and the rest is attributed to mode substitution. In terms of mode substitution, in most cases the majority of HSR passengers have used the conventional rail before. Substitution from aircraft, car and coach is generally more modest.     

A behavioral analysis of freight mode choice decisions

This paper develops a behavioral analysis of freight mode choice decisions that could provide a basis for an acceptable analytical tool for policy assessment. The paper specifically examines the way that truck and rail compete for commodity movement in the US. Two binary mode choice models are introduced in which some shipment-specific variables (e.g. distance, weight and value) and mode-specific variables (e.g. haul time and cost) are found to be determinants. The specifications of the non-selected choice are imputed in a machine learning module. Shipping cost is found to be a central factor for rail shipments, while road shipments are found to be more sensitive to haul time. Sensitivity of mode choice decisions is further analyzed under different fuel price fluctuation scenarios. A low level of mode choice sensitivity is found with respect to fuel price, such that even a 50% increase in fuel cost does not cause a significant modal shift between truck and rail.     

突发公共卫生事件持续期居民中长距离出行方式选择行为研究

为剖析突发公共事件持续期风险感知属性对居民中长距离出行方式选择行为的影响,基于非集计理论,构建风险感知差异的居民出行方式选择多元Logit模型.在2020年3月新冠肺炎疫情持续期,通过网络采集1 643份有效调查问卷,运用SPSS软件标定模型参数,获取突发公共事件持续期,影响居民出行选择的主要风险感知因素,并进行敏感性分析.结果表明：防控措施和防控措施了解程度对居民出行方式选择有显著影响;以航空运输为参考,途径站点暴露率增加对铁路运输方式的选择概率有负向影响,对公路运输方式的选择概率有正向影响;保持疫情持续期航空的低票价,以及加大航空运输防控措施的宣传可提高居民选择航空出行的概率.     

高速铁路夕发朝至列车开行模式综合比选

根据目前采用的高速铁路综合维修天窗开设形式,提出等线、下线、下线-上 线共3 种夕发朝至列车开行模式.构建备选方案生成模型、对模型求解流程进行分析,并 提出开行模式比选指标及规则.以我国天津-长沙和北京-广州高速铁路夕发朝至列车 OD 进行实例分析.结果表明,基于我国铁路实际,中长距离列车OD 首选下线开行模式, 对于长距离列车OD,首选等线开行模式,但具体下线和等线地点需根据线路布置情况科 学选择.下线-上线开行模式的速度优势需要在一定条件下才能体现.     

基于 SVM 的出行方式特征分析和识别研究

基于智能手机采集的居民出行轨迹信息,分析了不同出行方式的特征,利用支 持向量机进行了出行方式识别研究.首先探讨了利用手机软件所能检测和记录的参数,进 而从出行轨迹和特征参数两个方面对出行方式特征进行了分析,探讨了不同出行方式两 两可分的关键变量,提取用于识别不同出行方式的特征向量,最后建立了径向基核函数 支持向量机（SVM）分类器.利用从大连市出行轨迹数据获取的出行方式样本,训练了该 支持向量机,并且以决策树、BP 神经网络为对照.结果表明,SVM 识别精确度为 89.6%,BP 神经网络为 85.5%,决策树为 77.3%,SVM 具有更好的识别性能.     

列车行车优化操纵的研究

通过采用改进列车行车操纵策略来降低列车运行能耗是一种最简单也最有效的降低能耗的方法,依据目前国内外学者对降低列车能耗提出的列车优化操纵方法的研究,本文提出了一种新的优化操纵方法-由节时模式向节能模式转化.以VC++ 6.0作为开发平台,开发出了能够实现列车运行仿真的列车优化操纵仿真软件,以大准线清水河-王桂窑区段的数据资料进行验证,得出这种方法是正确的和实用的.