Transport energy consumption in mountainous roads. A comparative case study for internal combustion engines and electric vehicles in Andorra

This paper analyses transport energy consumption of conventional and electric vehicles in mountainous roads. A standard round trip in Andorra has been modelled in order to characterise vehicle dynamics in hilly regions. Two conventional diesel vehicles and their electric-equivalent models have been simulated and their performances have been compared. Six scenarios have been simulated to study the effects of factors such as orography, traffic congestion and driving style. The European fuel consumption and emissions test and Artemis urban driving cycles, representative of European driving cycles, have also been included in the comparative analysis. The results show that road grade has a major impact on fuel economy, although it affects consumption in different levels depending on the technology analysed. Electric vehicles are less affected by this factor as opposed to conventional vehicles, increasing the potential energy savings in a hypothetical electrification of the car fleet. However, electric vehicle range in mountainous terrains is lower compared to that estimated by manufacturers, a fact that could adversely affect a massive adoption of electric cars in the short term.     

Traffic modelling in system boundary expansion of road pavement life cycle assessment

This paper uses a case study of a UK inter-urban road, to explore the impact of extending the system boundary of road pavement life cycle assessment (LCA) to include increased traffic emissions due to delays during maintenance. Some previous studies have attempted this but have been limited to hypothetical scenarios or simplified traffic modelling, with no validation or sensitivity analysis. In this study, micro-simulation modelling of traffic was used to estimate emissions caused by delays at road works, for several traffic management options. The emissions were compared to those created by the maintenance operation, estimated using an LCA model. In this case study, the extra traffic emissions caused by delays at road works are relatively small, compared to those from the maintenance process, except for hydrocarbon emissions. However, they are generally close to, or above, the materiality threshold recommended in PAS2050 for estimating carbon footprints, and reach 5–10% when traffic flow levels are increased (hypothetically) or when traffic management is imposed outside times of lowest traffic flow. It is recommended, therefore, that emissions due to traffic disruption at road works should be included within the system boundary of road pavement LCA and carbon footprint studies and should be considered in developing guidelines for environmental product declarations of road pavement maintenance products and services.     

Multi-objective optimization for asphalt pavement maintenance plans at project level: Integrating performance,cost and environment

Traditionally, asphalt pavement maintenance mainly considers pavement performance and cost and largely ignores the environment while substantial amount of environmental burdens are released in the process. In this study, a multi-objective optimization model was developed integrating the three elements in order to optimize the asphalt pavement maintenance plans at the project level. Pavement performance element was decided as the multiplier of pavement serviceability index and traffic volume. Cost element was represented by the net present value, including components of agency cost, vehicle operation cost and salvage value. Environmental element, integrating energy consumption, global warming potential, acidification potential and respiratory effects potential, was measured by the life cycle assessment model. A hypothetic asphalt pavement maintenance case study was conducted using the developed multi-objective optimization model and harvested 103 sets of feasible combinations of maintenance plans, each of which is non-dominated by the others. Trade-offs analysis was performed among the three objectives and visualized in both two- and three-dimension forms. It is found there is an opportunity of reducing the cost and environmental impacts to 80.3% and 77.8% and increasing the pavement performance to 146.6% compared to the base case. However, they are mutually compromised and cannot be reached simultaneously. The developed model reveals the quantitatively interactive relationship of the three objectives and helps optimize the asphalt pavement maintenance plans.     

Life cycle emissions and cost model for urban light duty vehicles

The growth of vehicle sales and use internationally requires the consumption of significant quantities of energy and materials, and contributes to the deterioration of air-quality and climate conditions. Advanced propulsion systems and electric drive vehicles have substantially different characteristics and impacts. They require life cycle assessments and detailed comparisons with gasoline powered vehicles which, in turn, should lead to critical updates of traditional models and assumptions. For a comprehensive comparison of advanced and traditional light duty vehicles, a model is developed that integrates external costs, including emissions and time losses, with societal and consumer life cycle costs. Life cycle emissions and time losses are converted into costs for seven urban light duty vehicles. The results, which are based on vehicle technology characteristics and transportation impacts on environment, facilitate vehicle comparisons and support policy making in transportation. Substantially, more sustainable urban transportation can be achieved in the short-term by promoting policies that increase vehicle occupancy; in the intermediate-term by increasing the share of hybrid vehicles in the car market and in the long-term by the widespread use of electric vehicles. A sensitivity-analysis of life cost results revealed that vehicle costs change significantly for different geographical areas depending on vehicle taxation, pricing of gasoline, electric power and pollution. Current practices in carbon and air quality pricing favor oil and coal based technologies. However, increasing the cost of electricity from coal and other fossil fuels would increase the variable cost for electric vehicles, and tend to favor the variable cost of hybrid vehicles.     

Vehicle electrification in a developing country: Status and issue,from a well-to-wheel perspective

The increase of public attention, scientific research and political interest in environmental problems associated with transportation has provided the motivation for re-invention of electric vehicles. However the usage of grid-dependent EVs with a high-carbon electricity grid might produce more damage to the environment. This study aims to provide an environmental impact comparison of ICEVs, HEVs and EVs during their usage cycle, by modeling their energy consumption (electricity or fuel) and the supply chains of the supplied energy, (well-to-wheel) based on a life cycle assessment. The results show that running EVs with the existing mixed sources of electrical energy produce larger impacts on the environment 60% of the time; when compared to HEVs. When compared to ICEVs, EVs produce a larger environmental impact on 7 out of 15 environmental impact categories. Overall the environmental impacts of EVs are substantial based on the well-to-wheel analysis. It will continue to be so if no change is made to the methods of electricity generation in the near future. Given that the environmental profile of EVs is linked with the existing national electricity generation mix, the national electricity supply must be made cleaner before the electrification of the urban transport system.     

烟台某工程循环水取、排水工程压水试验

为确定烟台某工程地基基岩的渗透特性,阐述水上岩体压水试验的主要操作过程、试验数据处理和试验结果分析评价方法．测定区域内的各岩层的透水率和渗透系数,给出不同风化程度岩层的渗透性评价,为设计提供防渗设计所需参数。     

基于频域法的结构疲劳寿命预测方法研究

以Didik方法的雨流循环计数应力范围概率密度函数为依据,考虑长寿命区的S-N曲线,利用不完全Γ函数建立了一种宽带随机载荷谱下结构疲劳寿命计算的解析解法,为用频域法计算结构在宽带随机载荷谱下疲劳寿命提供了一种快捷方法。     

基于唯一标识的ATP车载设备编码方案研究

设备唯一标识是实现ATP车载设备信息化管理和智能维修的前提。在分析国家标准和铁路标准对于设备唯一标识编码的基本原则和特点的基础上,结合ATP设备全路频繁流转的实际需求,提出了适用不同类型的ATP车载设备全路通用唯一标识编码方案。现场试验结果表明,该方案可推广应用于ATP车载设备的全生命周期追踪管理和日常运维。     

普速铁路钢轨滚动接触疲劳裂纹萌生研究和检验

以普速铁路京九线不同曲线半径为研究对象,建立车辆-轨道动力学模型、磨耗和裂纹萌生预测模型;计算60N廓形在不同曲线半径条件下的轮轨接触状态,预测了不同曲线条件下磨耗发展率、裂纹萌生位置与寿命,并与京九线现场观测结果进行对比验证。研究结果表明:随着疲劳损伤的累积,不同曲线半径下钢轨的阶段磨耗发展率呈下降的趋势,其中曲线半径小(600 m)的磨耗发展率降低最快,随着曲线半径的增大,平均磨耗发展率降低趋势减缓;不同曲线半径下钢轨裂纹萌生位置均在钢轨表面以下1～3 mm处,横向位置在距离轨顶中心15～20 mm范围内,曲线半径600 m外轨裂纹萌生寿命大约为2.64×10⁵次,内轨裂纹萌生寿命约为4.86×10⁵次,与现场观测较为符合。     

面向全生命周期管理的高强度螺栓施工管理系统

针对高强度螺栓现行施工工序繁杂、信息化和智能化水平不高的现状,研发了由数控定扭矩电动扳手和应用系统2部分组成的螺栓连接施工管理系统。系统的实施减少了班前班后标定,实现了对螺栓施工全过程和"人、机、料、法、环"全要素的有效管控,构建了新的施拧流程;工程部、试验室和物资部的任务分工基于系统进行了精准定位,形成了基于业务流程的协同管理机制;升级了螺栓连接施工的管理模式;明确了螺栓连接全生命周期的成本组成;给出了施工和运营维护阶段成本的计算模型;分析了施工原因引起运营期螺栓断裂的发生概率。本文结合算例对施拧流程的施工期成本和运营期成本进行了比较,结果表明管理系统的应用实现了面向全生命周期管理的成本效益最优化。