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871.
A macroscopic theory for predicting the operation on two-lane, two-way roads is proposed. In this theory, the interaction between fast and slow vehicles obeys Newell’s kinematic wave theory of moving bottlenecks. Calibration is not required as all parameters are fully observable. Closed-form expressions for the capacity, average speed, percent time spent following and overtaking rates are proposed and the biases of current practice are identified. Comparisons between the proposed theory and empirical data are also included. 相似文献
872.
Marine ecosystem models are becoming increasingly complex and sophisticated, and are being used to estimate the effects of future changes in the earth system with a view to informing important policy decisions. Despite their potential importance, far too little attention has been, and is generally, paid to model errors and the extent to which model outputs actually relate to real-world processes. With the increasing complexity of the models themselves comes an increasing complexity among model results. If we are to develop useful modelling tools for the marine environment we need to be able to understand and quantify the uncertainties inherent in the simulations. Analysing errors within highly multivariate model outputs, and relating them to even more complex and multivariate observational data, are not trivial tasks. Here we describe the application of a series of techniques, including a 2-stage self-organising map (SOM), non-parametric multivariate analysis, and error statistics, to a complex spatio-temporal model run for the period 1988–1989 in the Southern North Sea, coinciding with the North Sea Project which collected a wealth of observational data. We use model output, large spatio-temporally resolved data sets and a combination of methodologies (SOM, MDS, uncertainty metrics) to simplify the problem and to provide tractable information on model performance. The use of a SOM as a clustering tool allows us to simplify the dimensions of the problem while the use of MDS on independent data grouped according to the SOM classification allows us to validate the SOM. The combination of classification and uncertainty metrics allows us to pinpoint the variables and associated processes which require attention in each region. We recommend the use of this combination of techniques for simplifying complex comparisons of model outputs with real data, and analysis of error distributions. 相似文献
873.
874.
Validation of a schedule‐based capacity restraint transit assignment model for a large‐scale network
This paper describes the application of a capacity restraint trip assignment algorithm to a real, large‐scale transit network and the validation of the results. Unlike the conventional frequency‐based approach, the network formulation of the proposed model is dynamic and schedule‐based. Transit vehicles are assumed to operate to a set of pre‐determined schedules. Passengers are assumed to select paths based on a generalized cost function including in‐vehicle and out‐of‐vehicle time and line change penalty. The time‐varying passenger demand is loaded onto the network by a time increment simulation method, which ensures that the capacity restraint of each vehicle during passenger boarding is strictly observed. The optimal‐path and path‐loading algorithms are applied iteratively by the method of successive averages until the network converges to the predictive dynamic user equilibrium. The Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway network is used to validate the model results. The potential applications of the model are also discussed. 相似文献
875.
876.
分析了一类运输工具受双重能力约束的LRP问题,即在物流网络节点最大单批处理能力及运输工具总运输能力双重约束的情况下,如何进行物流中心选址和运输路线安排,使总的费用最小,模型假设网络系统满足如下条件:①节点的最大单批处理能力是逐层变化的,②货物只能用不同运输工具经过某一物流中心进行中转运输.文中建立了混合整数规划模型,提出了一种优化算法,并用优化算法对实例进行求解. 相似文献
877.
878.
在系统分析了现有的道路三维模型构建方法的基础上,提出了一种将道路设计面模型与地形表面模型融为一体的整体模型构建方法,该方法基于约束Delaunay三角网内插入点和约束边的理论,利用逐点插入算法原理和Windows文件映射技术,快速实现了道路设计面与地形表面的整体建网。应用道路整体模型可以实现道路景观的三维漫游,评价三维立体线形以及与周围地形的配合情况。 相似文献
879.
复合土钉支护侧土压力合理分布模式及其工程应用 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
在分析复合土钉支护侧土压力分布模式及相关国内外著名实测结果的基础上,考虑基坑底面受开挖影响的深度,提出一种新型的侧土压分布改进模式,即“五边形”模型,并将此模型应用于某水泥搅拌桩复合土钉支护工程中。计算结果表明,所提出的“五边形”侧土压力分布模式与实测结果相符合,与现有的侧土压力分布模式相比更加合理,对复合土钉支护结构的整体设计、稳定性分析、工程造价预算等具有指导意义和应用价值。 相似文献
880.