基于关联分析的乘客公共交通依赖度识别方法

不同乘客在出行过程中对公共交通的依赖程度具有显著差异，精准识别乘客公共交通依赖度，有助于针对性地引导出行者向公共交通方式转移.本文基于多源数据的关联，获取包含个体属性的公共交通出行链，从出行行为和个体属性两方面提出8个依赖度指标，构建二阶聚类模型，识别乘客公共交通依赖度.结果表明：样本按依赖度高低被划分为4类群组；部分高、较高依赖度乘客在出行决策时受限于收入和车辆拥有量，并有向私家车出行转移的趋势；乘客出行习惯行为较个体属性对公共交通依赖度的影响更大.利用平均命中率(AHR)和平均覆盖率(ACR)指标评估个体属性对识别结果的影响，得出结论，个体属性指标间存在耦合关系，且指标缺失量与模型误差具有非线性关系.研究有助于理解公共交通乘客的需求和选择倾向性，为精准改善公共交通服务提供支撑.     

Exploring built environment impacts on transit use – an updated meta-analysis

ABSTRACT

The built environment (BE) is widely accepted to influence transit use (TU). Evidence to date suggests the relationship is dependent on many factors which can be difficult to account for in quantitative studies. This creates barriers to transferring research into practice. Considering many studies together can be useful for accounting for more of the factors impacting transit use. Yet, meta-analysis of research measuring these influences was last undertaken in 2010 based on 18 studies. Since then 90 new quantitative studies have been published. These recent studies use improved methodologies and are conducted in more diverse geographies. This paper reports an improved and updated meta-analysis of built environment impacts on transit use. It compares elasticity estimates from research published pre-and post-2010 and explores the impact of new methods and a more diverse geographical representation on findings. Updated meta-elasticities range from <0.01 to 0.26; a similar range to the 2010 study. However, at the individual indicator levels, more recent results are different. Elasticities for urban density, including population, employment and commercial density, have increased significantly in studies published since 2010, as did that of land use mix. However, measures of local access, design and jobs-housing balance decreased in post-2010 studies. These results confirm the small but imprecise relationship between the BE and TU. Results also suggest that while the range of elasticity impacts is relatively consistent, new study methodologies, notably those that control for regional accessibility and self-selection, and the increasing geographical diversity in study applications, is acting to change BE-TU findings at the indicator level. Research setting and context are important to consider when using empirical results to design BE strategies to promote transit use.     

城市公共交通发展热点议题分析

城市公共交通事业发展过程中需要广泛征求社会公众的意见,分析网络社交媒体中的信息相较于传统的信息收集手段具有高效快速、成本低廉等优势。文中提出一套完整的网络文本分析方法,采用结巴分词、TF-IDF模型以及SnowNLP等工具及算法分析识别网民对于天津公交系统的讨论热点及情感倾向,结果显示,公众对于天津市常规公交系统的讨论主要集中于老年人免费乘车政策、驾驶员驾驶行为以及公交运营计划的执行情况等方面。此外,公众对于天津市常规公交的情感倾向呈现为积极情感与消极情感各占50%左右。     

利用简化时间序列法预测公共交通客运量

在满足一定的前提下,时间序列法可以用于预测公共交通客运量;预测的计算过程可以采用excel等软件来辅助计算,也可以采用手算。在需要手算的情况下,将时间的年份序列进行简化,能够提高手算速度,有助于使用者更快地完成计算过程、得到同样的预测结果,并能有助于使用者更好地理解时间序列法的应用。     

复杂网络理论及其在公共交通韧性领域的应用综述

公共交通系统韧性是交通安全研究的核心内容之一。复杂网络理论作为分析大型复杂系统的有力工具，为研究公共交通系统韧性提供了新的角度和方向。综述了复杂网络在公共交通韧性领域的研究现状，首先结合文献计量分析法对公共交通网络韧性相关文献的发展趋势、出版刊物分布、热点关键词等特征进行分析，以系统梳理公共交通网络韧性发展历程，并归纳总结公共交通网络韧性领域的研究热点。其次，从公共交通网络韧性定义出发，对复杂网络在公共交通韧性评估、韧性优化方面的应用与研究现状进行综述，一方面对公共交通韧性评估的核心内容，包括韧性评估指标、评估方法、中断建模及中断流重分配进行了系统分析，另一方面从灾前预防策略与灾后恢复策略2个方面梳理了公共交通韧性提升相关研究。最后，系统总结现有研究所面临的主要问题与挑战，并从韧性评估方法创新、中断建模改进、恢复模型探索等方面对未来公共交通韧性的发展方向与研究趋势进行分析。     

A Review of Pseudo Panel Data Approach in Estimating Short-run and Long-run Public Transport Demand Elasticities

Abstract

The distinctions between short-run and long-run public transport demand elasticities have been highlighted in the literature, but the identification of long-run travel demand has been constrained by existing research methodology and the unavailability of longitudinal travel survey data. The pseudo panel data approach using repeated cross-sectional data has been suggested as an alternative to conducting a longitudinal travel demand analysis when genuine panel data are not available. This paper comprehensively reviews the background and the current practices of pseudo panel data research, and introduces the challenges in applied research that need further investigation, particularly for public transport. A case study using the Sydney Household Travel Survey data is presented to demonstrate pseudo panel data construction and to identify the short-run and long-run public transport demand elasticities using a pseudo panel data approach. The research findings suggest that the public transport demand elasticity of price in Sydney is ?0.22 in the short run and ?0.29 in the long run.     

Why do people fare evade? A global shift in fare evasion research

ABSTRACT

Fare evasion is a significant concern for most transit authorities. The traditional approach to fare compliance has focussed on modifying the physical control of ticketing or ticket inspection rates. Yet recently the perspective on fare evasion has begun to shift toward profiling the fare evader or understanding the customer motivations to fare evade. This paper uses a literature review method to document the characteristics of these three perspectives on fare evasion: the conventional transit system perspective, the customer profiling perspective and the customer motivations perspective. We find that the conventional transit system perspective, although straightforward to measure and control, has its limits particularly in “open” transit systems. The customer profiling perspective attempts to identify, based on demographics, which customers are more likely to fare evade. However this perspective has little use beyond profiling and is ethically questionable. The customer motivations perspective provides a richer understanding of how customers define fare evasion and what attitudes, social norms and circumstances motivates them to fare evade. Considering that between 20% and 40% of a city’s residents admit to fare evading at some point, understanding these complex motivations can help improve revenue compliance at a time when most governments heavily subsidise their transit systems.     

Social Media Use during Unplanned Transit Network Disruptions: A Review of Literature

Abstract

This paper explores social media's role in managing unplanned transit networks disruptions. Although literature exists more broadly on the use of social media in transit, this paper presents the first literature review in this setting. When disruptions occur, commuters require reliable, up-to-date information. Its provision reduces anxiety and allows informed choices. Social media is beneficial given it provides real-time information but it can only supplement (not replace) conventional approaches. Information reliability was critical. Research in the field of disaster management illustrates the importance of publicly contributed information. Known as “crowdsourcing”, it is part of the emerging field of crisis informatics which for the first time was linked to unplanned transit disruption management. The results highlight that social media's real-time nature can reduce disrupted travel demand; however, its utilisation can be resource-intensive. A framework presented illustrates how social media utilisation varies according to the operational characteristics of a disrupted network. Social media use as an information delivery tool is still in its infancy and an unwillingness to embrace it is an impediment to sustained growth. Crowdsourcing is one approach that could resolve the issue of transit agency resourcing whilst satisfying the increased demand and expectation for real-time information.     

Book reviews

EAST EUROPEAN TRANSPORT: REGIONS AND MODES, edited by B. Mieczkowski. The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff. (F85.00)

CONFLICT IN TRANSPORTATION, by H. M. Steiner, Lexington Mass: D. C. Heath and Lexington Books, 1978. 124 pp.     

Microscopic simulation of transit operations: policy studies with the MISTRANSIT application programming interface

Abstract

Microscopic traffic simulators are the most advanced tools for representing the movement of vehicles on a transport network. However, the energy spent in traffic microsimulation has been mainly oriented to cars. Little interest has been devoted to more sophisticated models for simulating transit systems. Commercial software has some options to incorporate the operation of transit vehicles, but they are insufficient to properly consider a real public transport system. This paper develops an Application Programming Interface, called MIcroscopic Simulation of TRANSIT (MISTRANSIT), using the commercial microsimulator PARAllel MICroscopic Simulation. MISTRANSIT makes advances in three ways: public transport vehicles can have new characteristics; passengers are incorporated and traced as individual objects; and specific models represent the interaction between passengers and vehicles at stops. This paper presents the modelling approach as well as various experiments to illustrate the feasibility of MISTRANSIT for studying policy operations of transit systems.