The Downs–Thomson Paradox with responsive transit service

Downs (1962) and Thomson (1977) suggested that highway capacity expansion may produce counterproductive effects on the two-mode (auto and transit) transport system (Downs–Thomson Paradox). This paper investigates the occurrence of this paradox when transit authority can have different economic objectives (profit-maximizing or breakeven) and operating schemes (frequency, fare, or both frequency and fare). For various combinations of economic objectives and operating schemes, the interaction between highway expansion and transit service is explored, as well as its impact on travelers’ mode choices and travel utilities. Further, for each combination, the conditions for occurrence of the Downs–Thomson Paradox are established. We show that the paradox never occurs when transit authority is profit-maximizing, but it is inevitable when the transit authority is running to maximize travelers’ utility while maintaining breakeven. This is because the former transit authority tends to enhance transit service (e.g., raise frequency or reduce fare) when facing an expanded highway; and on the contrary, the latter tends to compromise transit service (e.g., reduce frequency or raise fare). Both analytical and numerical examples are provided to verify the theoretical results.     

Surface patterns of zooplankton spatial variability detected by high frequency sampling in the NW Mediterranean. Role of density fronts

High frequency sampling was performed in daylight hours along a 35 km transect in the Ligurian Sea to investigate the upper layer zooplankton distribution during the spring phytoplankton bloom. The results show detailed spatial structure and biomass of key zooplankton functional groups, copepods, salps and krill larvae, within the different water masses characterizing this region. Although observed values of total copepod biomass distribution were rather constant along the transect, species-specific patterns were observed in the copepod spatial distribution. The larger species Calanus helgolandicus, as well as Centropages typicus, Oithona spp., and Oncaea spp., were associated with the frontal zone. However, Acartia spp. had a scattered distribution, and Clausocalanus/Paracalanus did not have a clear pattern. In addition, krill larvae were concentrated in the frontal area and salps had a scattered pattern. The cross-shore zooplankton distribution appeared strongly influenced by both the Northern Ligurian current governing inshore waters, which acts as a major flushing forcing, and the Ligurian front, which governs offshore waters and may act as retention area for zooplankton.     

柴油机曲轴速度变化的频谱分析

使用光电转速传感器,通过计算其感应器内部时钟的脉冲测量曲轴的速度变化,分析低谐波转速变化能过滤出由曲轴的动力响应产生的失真,根据这些谐波携带的信息建立起测量数据和发动机平均气压转矩之间的关系,从而发现故障并且确定不良的气缸.     

基于数字信号处理的直接转矩控制研究

直接转矩控制因控制简单、具有优良的动静态特性，在电机控制中应用越来越广泛。但它在低速区的局限也较多。随着数字信号处（Digital Signal Processing，缩写DSP）技术的发展，使得改善其低速控制特性成为可能。文中简介了直棼转矩控制技术的特点、控制原理及难点，探讨了一种应用DSP技术的直接转矩控制方法。     

地铁转向架构架动应力测试滤波频率的确定

文章结合上海地铁某转向架线路试验动应力测试结果,分析了典型信号的频率特性,对转向架动应力数据采用不同频率滤波,对滤波后的信号数据进行了比较,并结合采样定理提出了适用于地铁转向架荷载测试的滤波和采样频率。     

基于MSP430的低功耗水中低频信号采集系统

为了采集水中低频信号,提出基于MSP430F1611单片机和Flash存储器的水中低频信号数据采集与存储系统,实现了水中目标测量中的低噪声、低功耗、智能自动记录和大容量存储等关键技术,海上试验结果表明该系统精度高、性能可靠。     

Railway wheel-flat and rail surface defect modelling and analysis by time–frequency techniques

Damage to the surface of railway wheels and rails commonly occurs in most railways. If not detected, it can result in the rapid deterioration and possible failure of rolling stock and infrastructure components causing higher maintenance costs. This paper presents an investigation into the modelling and simulation of wheel-flat and rail surface defects. A simplified mathematical model was developed and a series of experiments were carried out on a roller rig. The time–frequency analysis is a useful tool for identifying the content of a signal in the frequency domain without losing information about its time domain characteristics. Because of this, it is widely used for dynamic system analysis and condition monitoring and has been used in this paper for the detection of wheel flats and rail surface defects. Three commonly used time–frequency analysis techniques: Short-Time Fourier Transform, Wigner–Ville transform and wavelet transform were investigated in this work.     

基于参数可设置Altera宏功能模块的MAX+plusⅡ设计

通过介绍参数可设置Alter宏功能(LPM)模块的功能及其在MAX+plusⅡ中的调用和定制方法,给出基于LPM的数控分频器、4X4乘法器和流水线加法器的设计方法.     

变频器在供热锅炉节能技术上的应用与研究

根据风机与泵类轴功率与转速的立方成正比的特点，分析供热锅炉辅机泵与风机的流量、扬程（压头）、功率与转速间的关系，阐述变频调速节能原理，并举例比较了水泵采用变频调速控制与阀门控制所产生的效益情况。提出变流量运行时，泵与风机应采用变频技术，以降低成本，延长设备使用寿命，提高经济效益。     

基于运输效益的城市公交发车频率

公交车发车频率的确定是公交运营调度的主要内容。受车站附近其他公交车的影响，乘客在各站点的可接受公交车容量和等车时间是不相等的；平均可接受公交车容量是乘客心理容量的平均值，如果车内乘客数量超过该容量，则采用容量向量来解释乘客上车过程。文中以运营利润最大化为目标函数，在车辆资源有限的情况下建立分析模型，应用遗传算法求解最大利润下的最优发车频率，并运用实例验证了所提出的方法。