雨量传感器产品综述

介绍乘用车用雨量传感器的功能、分类、技术发展以及目前全球主要供应商的传感器产品。     

黄土路基坡面侵蚀影响因素试验研究

本文通过黄土路基压实坡面室内人工降雨侵蚀试验,提出了不同因素条件下黄土路基坡面降雨侵蚀强度计算公式,分析了降雨自然因素及坡角、压实度、坡长等因素对坡面冲刷强度的影响程度。坡面降雨侵蚀结果表明:坡面存在冲蚀最大的临界坡度25.9°;坡面压实度越大对边坡抗冲蚀稳定影响越有利;边坡的坡长过长对坡面抗冲蚀防护极为不利;坡面产沙量自上而下增加;坡面水流含沙量对坡面产沙有一定的影响,随坡长越大影响力越小。     

边坡降雨入渗的力学特性分析

以土体的三相介质理论为基础,采用流固耦合方程对非饱和边坡在雨水入渗工况下的力学响应作分析,探讨雨水入渗时土坡吸水软化特性及其相关强度因子变化规律,得出了降雨对边坡安全性的一些有益结论。     

Global warming and severe weather activity

The concentration of atmospheric CO₂ has been significantly increasing mainly due to human consumption of fossil fuels since the middle of the 18th century. Although the recent increases of CO₂ could possibly give rise to some warming, serious problems remain unresolved in relation to the concept of global warming. The focus of this paper is directed at two areas: the first is the credibility of the global warming prediction, and the second is the long-term trend in severe weather activity associated with global warming. The global warming during the last century has been confirmed by observational data. The magnitude of the warming averaged globally is about 0.6°C during the last century, and is consistent with the computed increase in CO₂ concentration. The observational data indicate a large degree of hemispheric asymmetry; the warming of the Northern Hemisphere is slower and sometimes temporarily interrupted comparing with that of Southern Hemisphere. It is an open question why this hemispherical asymmetry is of opposite sense to the results of numerical simulations for the increases in CO₂ concentration. This question may possibly be resolved by consideration of the climatic effects of increases in anthropogenic aerosol levels in the troposphere in addition to greenhouse gas effects. One question raised by global warming is whether the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events have shown a long-term increased in association with global warming. Since extreme weather such as torrential rainfall and tropical cyclones are relatively small-scale, short-lived phenomena, they cannot be successfully simulated using general circulation models (GCM) at the present time. Furthermore, the limited period of the available observational data makes it difficult to produce any meaningful results with conventional statistical methods. A new statistical method, which was proposed by the present author and a colleague, is applied to the maximum daily precipitation data, and significant evidence is found for an interdecadal increasing trend in the intensity of extremely heavy rainfall. It is argued that the most likely cause of this trend is global warming. With regard to the relation between global warming and tropical cyclone activity, no significant results have yet been obtained either by numerical simulation or statistical analysis of historical data. Recent research analyzing historical data on the relation between tropical cyclone intensity and sea surface temperature has emphasized that the warmer sea surface accompanied by global warming could increase the maximum possible intensity of cyclones, although no appreciable change would be seen in the average intensity of regular storms. Presented at the International Conference on Technologies for Marine Environment Preservation (MARIENV’95), Tokyo, Japan, September 24–29, 1995.     

雄安新区安州特色小镇初期雨水弃流量浅析

初期雨水径流污染控制率是城市雨水综合控制的关键环节,也是《海绵城市建设技术指南一低影响开发雨水系统规划设计》的关键控制指标.城镇径流存在明显的初期冲刷作用,但由于降雨冲刷过程的随机性和复杂性,确定不同条件下的初期径流弃流量至今仍是个难题.以河北雄安新区安州特色小城镇安置区市政配套基础设施项目为例,以安州特色小城镇初期雨水截留管网为研究对象,总结了国内研究成果:调蓄容积法、暴雨强度法、SWMM模型分析法,并通过对这三种方法计算的初期雨水弃流量结果进行比对互校,最终确定本地区的初期雨水弃流量.以此进一步研究初期雨水弃流量、径流污染物浓度变化、径流污染物去除率之间的关系,为实际工程应用提供一定参考.     

滴水崖Ⅰ号滑坡瞬态稳定分析

利用GLE通用条分法和强度折减法,研究了滴水崖Ⅰ号滑坡天然状态和饱水状态下的稳定特性,结果表明滑坡在天然状态下是稳定的,饱水状态下会失稳。同时滑坡在地震作用下存在失稳情况,降雨条件下难以满足工程安全等级。     

汽车智能雨刮系统雨滴检测方法研究进展

在雨雪天气,为了保证驾驶员前方视野清晰,各类车辆均需配备雨刮装置。汽车智能雨刮系统作为汽车高级驾驶辅助系统的重要组成部分,是智能驾驶领域研究重点之一。详细介绍了汽车智能雨刮系统中常用的两种雨滴检测方法,分别基于雨量传感器和视觉传感器来实现。详细阐述了传统的基于雨量传感器的雨滴检测方法的工作原理及其研究现状,分析了各种类型雨量传感器存在的主要问题。针对新兴的基于视觉传感器的智能雨刮系统,分析了雨滴特征及其目标检测方法的发展历程。基于视觉传感器的汽车智能雨刮系统可以和高级驾驶辅助系统的其他组件共用视觉传感器和硬件设备,极大地降低了智能雨刮系统的应用成本,但是在准确性、实时性和适应性等方面仍存在较多问题亟待解决。     

粉质航道岸坡降雨入渗条件下板桩墙防渗分析

对于受连续降雨影响而产生渗流破坏的粉质航道岸坡,通常应采取设置反滤层、防渗墙等措施。针对苏北地区某航道护岸工程现场,提出采用预应力混凝土板桩墙作为防渗墙,并对防渗墙在不同位置时的应用效果进行了数值分析。结果表明,在护岸挡墙后一定距离设置一定入土深度的板桩防渗墙,可有效延长渗径,大幅降低降雨入渗导致的坡面位移,保证了岸坡稳定性。     

降雨条件下城市道路网络拓扑结构脆弱性分析

受全球气候变化的影响,近几年极端天气增多,城市暴雨灾害频发,导致城市道路网络遭受严重破坏.为减小暴雨灾害给人民带来的生命财产损失,降雨条件下城市道路网络拓扑结构脆弱性分析方法的提出由显重要.本文在综合了国内外脆弱性研究理论与方法的基础上,界定了降雨条件下城市道路网络脆弱性的内涵;结合不同降雨强度对城市道路网络影响进行分析,综合路网中的介数和交通流量来定义节点和边的重要度的指标,对道路网络脆弱源进行识别;然后引用最小割度向量指标对城市道路网络拓扑结构脆弱性进行分析.为城市规划、城市管理道路网络防灾减灾提供参考依据.     

重庆市桂花小区边坡处理技术研究

结合重庆市万州桂花小区边坡处治工程实例,采用折线型滑动面传递系数方法,对山区斜坡体进行研究,结果表明：斜坡在暴雨情况下容易产生工程滑坡灾害,采用抗滑桩及格构锚杆进行相应的处治,治理效果较好。