进气道喷射过氧化氢对直喷式柴油机排放的影响

分析了过氧化氢(H2O2)参与柴油机燃烧的过程,对降低柴油机排放的机理及H2O2的化学及物理特性进行了分析,建立了H2O2影响内燃机燃烧过程的机理模型。在单缸直喷柴油机上采用单点电喷技术向进气道内喷射H2O2,对降低柴油机排放效果进行了试验验证。试验结果表明,在进气道内喷射H2O2可显著改善发动机的燃烧,可以同时降低NOx排放和燃油消耗率,且烟度变化不大。     

柴油机的未来

阐明了柴油机未来发展中应重点解决的两大问题,即控制排放和提高热效率;对柴油机排放法规的动向进行了分析,对柴油机可能达到的排放水平进行了研究,重点论述了柴油机排气后处理技术;对进一步提高柴油机热效率的可能性进行了分析,指出其热效率可以达到与燃料电池相当的水平。     

交通路网中重型柴油车油耗和排放多层次分析

利用车载尾气检测系统（PEMS）进行北京市交通路网中重型柴油车实时油耗、排放和行驶数据收集,并从微观、中观和宏观三个层次对动态交通网络中的油耗和排放规律及其影响因素进行深入分析. 行驶特征分析表明：重型柴油车在低、中速状态下行驶时间最长;在中速状态下行驶里程最长;同时匀速工况下的行驶时间和里程所占比例最高. 油耗和排放分析表明：重型柴油车（国III）平均油耗水平为18.6L／100km,NOx和PM污染水平分别为4.63g／km和0.087g／km. 其中在微观层次,高速和高加速是引起车辆瞬时高油耗和排放的主要原因;在中观层次,怠速和低速行驶是造成单位距离高油耗和排放的主要原因;在宏观层次,行驶里程是总油耗和排放评估的一个重要影响参数.     

基于微观仿真的交叉口车辆能耗与排放研究

为了更加准确地模拟交叉口机动车能耗、排放情况,结合使用微观仿真模型VISSIM与微观能耗、排放模型PERE,构建能够模拟车辆瞬时运行状况与能耗、尾气排放关系的微观模拟平台。选取上海市西藏北路—海宁路交叉口进行实例仿真,通过设置交叉口锯齿形公交优先进口道及改变信号周期,来定量分析对交叉口车辆能耗和排放的影响。结果表明,设置公交专用进口道可使公交车辆总体排放明显下降,但是社会车辆的能耗和排放有所增加;对车均延误、停车次数、能耗与排放都合适的最佳信号周期范围是80～120s。     

柴油机颗粒排放的控制策略

分析柴油机颗粒排放的组成、危害及生成机理;介绍为达到欧Ⅳ标准,国内外目前在柴油机结构、燃油、机油和排放后处理等方面采取的控制策略。     

基于SVR的区域交通碳排放预测研究

基于STIRPAT模型,选择旅客周转量、货物周转量、人均GDP、机动车保有量、碳排放强度、能源结构和城市化率7项指标作为我国区域交通碳排放影响因素,建立基于支持向量回归机的碳排放预测模型,并以1990-2016年北京市交通碳排放相关数据为基础数据做实例分析.结果表明：训练样本交叉验证均方误差仅为 0.008 040,得到参数C和γ的最优值;模型预测值与真实值的拟合回归效果良好,训练集和测试集的相关系数分别为0.984 2和0.995 0,即模型具有良好的学习和推广能力;未来区域交通碳排放增长趋势逐渐变缓,但总量将继续呈上升趋势,社会仍然面临较大的温室气体减排压力.     

Maritime logistics as an emerging discipline

The evolution of maritime logistics as an emerging discipline has resulted, to a large extent, from the increasing and varied demands of shippers and customers and the rapidly changing role of ports in the context of supply and logistics chains. Scholars are becoming increasingly aware of the need to integrate logistics and supply chain management concepts in the maritime transportation chain and operations. This article aims to provide a review and foundation for understanding the domain of maritime logistics and to assess its potential as an emerging discipline. To do so, a framework for understanding the various aspects of maritime logistics strategy and implementation is developed. A synthesis of the existing knowledge on maritime logistics is done by integrating diverse explorations forming the basis of this framework. We draw upon the literature on maritime transport and ports and primarily theliterature that analyses concepts by adopting an economic or management perspective.     

High-speed rail's potential for the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions from short haul aviation: a longitudinal study of modal substitution from an energy generation and renewable energy perspective

Abstract

This paper quantifies and evaluates, utilising a ‘bottom-up’ approach, the effect on CO₂ emissions of a modal shift from short-haul air travel to high-speed rail (HSR), based on projected passenger movements, between Sydney and Melbourne, Australia during the period 2010–2030. To date, peer-reviewed studies assessing the CO₂ emissions from these competing modes of high-speed transportation have been restricted principally to a cross-sectional assessment, with a Eurocentric bias. This present comparative study seeks to address a gap in the literature by assessing, longitudinally, the CO₂ emissions associated with the proposed operation of HSR against the ‘business-as-usual’ air scenario between Sydney and Melbourne. Under the assumed 50/50 modal shift, and the Australian government's current renewable electricity target, an annual reduction in CO₂ emissions of approximately 14% could be achieved when compared with a ‘business-as-usual’ air scenario. This percentage reduction represents a 62 kt reduction in base year, 2010, and a 114 kt reduction in the final year, 2030. In total, the overall reduction achieved by such a modal shift, under the assumed conditions, during the period 2010–2030, equates to approximately 1.87 Mt of CO₂. Importantly, if the electrical energy supply for HSR operations was further ‘decarbonised’, then it follows that a greater emission reduction would be achieved.     

A simulation of transit bus emissions along an urban corridor: Evaluating changes under various service improvement strategies

This study investigates the impacts of transit improvement strategies on bus emissions along a busy corridor in Montreal, Canada. The local transit provider, Société de Transport de Montréal, has implemented a number of strategies which include the use of smart cards, limited-stop (express bus) service, and reserved bus lanes along this corridor. Using data collected on-board for instantaneous speeds and stop-level ridership, we estimated bus emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants at three levels: road segment, bus-stop, and per passenger. A regression of segment-level emissions against a number of explanatory variables reveals that reserved bus lanes and express bus service reduce emissions significantly. On the other hand, smart card use reduces idling emissions compared to other fare payment methods. Our findings are of most relevance for transit planners who are seeking to implement different strategies to reduce emissions and improve transit performance.     

机动车尾气污染对居民出行选择的影响

机动车尾气排放造成的空气污染对人体健康的危害逐渐被医学界证实。城市居民选择交通工具以及出行路线时,道路机动车尾气污染会影响其选择行为。文中通过居民出行问卷调查证实部分出行者会采取规避行为降低机动车尾气污染对个人健康的危害,建立表征出行者与污染气体接触程度的曝露指数模型,通过数据拟合建立增量时间转化模型,以出行时间增加值的形式定量得到机动车尾气污染对居民出行的影响程度,对离散选择模型的效用函数进行了修正,并给出了算例。