各主要海军国家设备抗冲击标准之评述

一个国家海军舰艇的抗冲击能力的强弱,不但与舰船抗冲击技术相关的研究能力、设计能力和试验能力密切相关,而且决定于其所采用的抗冲击标准的指标的高低和执行标准的严格程度。文中重点分析了美国、英国、德国和俄罗斯的设备抗冲击标准,并将这些标准进行了定量比较。可供工程应用作参考。     

Seaport research: A structured literature review on methodological issues since the 1980s

This study aims to investigate how seaport research has been conducted from the methodological perspective. To this end, this study reviews published port literature for the last three decades (1980-2000s). The investigation primarily categorises the literature according to various methodological issues such as research paradigm, research strategy, base-disciplines, research methods and analysis techniques in order to provide meaningful implications on methodological evolution in seaport research for the period. This study suggests methodological bias in port research to a positivistic paradigm, following a quantitative trajectory moving from conceptual to empirical studies. In addition, the increased use of mathematical modelling and advanced statistical analysis methods is clearly observed. The introduction of advanced analytical tools used in other academic disciplines facilitates discussions in particular research area and amplifies the literature in those areas. This paper also suggests research gaps from the methodological perspective and implications for future port research.     

道路沥青老化评价方法研究进展

沥青是路面工程中常用的筑路材料之一,被广泛应用于中国高速公路和城镇道路中。在路面服役过程中,沥青材料会出现硬化变脆等老化现象,显著影响了路面的运营品质及服役寿命。为了进一步促进道路沥青老化评价方法研究的发展,以宏观性能测试、微观结构探测和数值模拟技术等老化评价方法为脉络,比较了各类评价方法的所属尺度和应用优劣。研究结果表明:现行的沥青热氧老化室内研究方法并不能很好地反映沥青的长期服役耐久性,而紫外老化的室内研究方法更加亟需标准化和规范化;紫外老化和热氧老化的差异在于化学键断裂机制不同,热氧老化主要是由于高温热分解导致化学键断裂,而紫外老化的引发是由于分子内所含的基团吸收了具有能量的紫外线,导致化学键发生断裂;宏观性能测试是构建沥青老化与性能衰退联系的直接研究途径,2类老化类型的宏观性能测试方法和评价指标不能完成等同和替换;荧光显微镜、原子力显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱等微观探测技术能够定性或者定量分析沥青的老化过程和改性剂的老化响应;采用分子动力学模拟和细观力学模型既能继承利用微观研究的精确结论,又可与宏观力学试验建立关联性,对沥青的老化过程进行数值表征,其研究结果能够为其微观演化规律和宏观性能特性提供参考;在实际沥青路面使用中,紫外老化和热氧老化是并行存在的,基于室外沥青路面老化监测的多因素复合老化应是沥青室内老化模拟研究的重点;融合多层次老化评价指标和数值模拟技术,建立多尺度沥青老化动态仿真模拟是沥青材料与数值模拟交叉应用的主要研究方向。     

Shifting from car to active transport: A systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions

IntroductionA promising way to stimulate physical activity is to promote the choice for active modes of transport (walking and cycling). Over the past years, several interventions and policies have been implemented to stimulate this mode shift. However, information concerning the effectiveness of these interventions and policies is still limited. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the effectiveness of interventions designed to stimulate a shift from car use to cycling or walking and to obtain insight into the intervention tools that have been used to promote and/or implement these interventions.MethodsFive databases were searched and articles published in English, Dutch, German, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish were included. Only studies that focussed on a mode shift from car use towards active transport in a general adult population, which were published in peer reviewed journals and which investigated effectiveness were included. Intervention tools used were categorized by using the model of Hoogerwerf & Herweijer, as either legal, economic (subsidy, reward system, penalty), communicative (written materials, behavioural tools) and physical tools (providing bicycles, providing better bicycle facilities at work, adjustment of the environment).ResultsNineteen studies met our inclusion criteria. Studies included described work-place-based interventions, architectural and urbanistic adjustments, population-wide interventions, and bicycle-renting systems. Nearly all studies (except three) showed positive effects concerning a mode shift. Most of the included studies used more than one intervention tool and the tools used differed between types of interventions. However, information about the statistical significance of these results was often lacking and the study methodologies used were not of high quality.ConclusionNearly all studies showed results in a positive direction. However, the quality of the included studies was mostly low and intervention characteristics were poorly described.     

A survey on planning semi-flexible transit systems: Methodological issues and a unifying framework

When demand for transportation is low or sparse, traditional transit cannot provide efficient and good-quality service, due to its fixed structure. New transportation alternatives are therefore increasingly proposed, combining on-demand service adjustment capabilities to the regular route and schedule characteristics of traditional transit. Such so-called semi-flexible systems require careful planning, but no formalization of the corresponding decisions problems, nor any comprehensive methodology has been proposed yet. This paper aims at contributing to fill this gap by presenting a comprehensive literature review, and a general and unifying modeling framework for representing and planning semi-flexible systems. The latter takes the form of the Demand Adaptive Systems, which generalizes the semi-flexible systems described in the literature, and also offers a number of advanced features, the scheduling mechanism, in particular. The paper then provides a classification of planning decisions, which is used to structure a comprehensive and comparative literature review of the field of semi-flexible systems, including methodological contributions as well as a number of particularly significant practical experiences.     

渝怀铁路系统主要设计因素初步评价

研究目的：铁路系统设计因素可以预测拟建铁路系统能否满足决策者的预期目标，因此有必要对拟建铁路系统设计因素开展评价。本文试图探讨铁路系统设计因素的评价办法，对渝怀铁路技术设计状态的主要设计因素做出初步评价。 研究方法：铁路是复杂系统，铁路系统设计因素评价方法很多。本文按照系统思路研究拟建铁路系统设计因素的评价方法。 研究结果：对渝怀铁路设计因素的初步评价表明，在当时已给定条件下，渝怀铁路设计因素是满意的。 研究结论：拟建铁路主要设计因素分析方法是实现预测拟建铁路系统能否满足决策者预期目标的方法之一，有发展前景。     

城市路网交通流元胞自动机模型研究

研究城市路网交通流的动态特性,揭示交通拥堵、环境污染和交通事故的产生原因和规律,能为城市交通问题的解决提供理论依据.元胞自动机模型是研究城市路网交通流动态特性的一个有效工具,能够再现许多重要的交通流特征.从路段模型、交叉口模型和路网模型3个方面总结和评述了国内外各种典型交通流元胞自动机模型.在现有模型的基础上,通过对车辆起讫点分布、路径选择行为、双向通行多车道路段车辆换道规则、不同控制交叉口的车辆更新规则以及网络拓扑结构等方面进行改进,可以提高元胞自动机模型在城市路网交通流仿真中的真实性.     

国际集装箱运输市场回顾及展望

2005年的国际航运市场总体发展相对良好,就国际集装箱运输市场而言,2005年市场发展的主要特点表现为:世界经济稳步增长,市场供需情况良好,箱货贸易量与运力投放量同步上升,市场运价高位整理,船公司收益普遍增长,租船市场依旧抢手,中国因素成为世界海运的核心动力。展望2006年,虽然存在许多不确定因素,但出现重大突发性事件的可能性较小,预计国际集装箱运输市场有望继续处于强势发展周期。     

国际干散货运输市场回顾与展望

从5个方面对2002年的干散货运输市场进行总体分析预测,同时整理归纳了2002年干散货运输的几大特点。 +     

开关电源的分布式并联均流技术概述

随着大功率和分布式开关电源需求的不断提高,分布式并联均流技术已成为电力电子研究的一个热门问题和发展方向。本文综合阐述了开关电源并联均流技术的应用背景、基本原理、常用方法及其发展趋势。