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Interests in studying of the built environment impacts on travel behavior have proliferated from North America to other parts of the world including China. Until very recently, there has been very little research into travel behavior in China. However, during the last decade, there has been a fast growing interest in studying the built environment and travel behavior in Chinese cities, perhaps motivated by China’s unprecedented urbanization and rapid urban transport development. Case studies from China provide new insights into the impacts of built environment on travel behavior that can help to enrich existing scholarship. However, currently there is a generally poor understanding of the role played by Chinese research and how it has enriched the international literature. This paper aims to fill this gap by reviewing studies in and outside China by both Chinese and non-Chinese scholars. The focus is on the contribution of these studies to the international literature. We identify four areas of contribution: how the built environment has been developed and its implications for travel behavior; the importance of housing sources in defining residential built environment and explaining travel behavior; the unique Danwei (or work unit) perspective on jobs-housing relationships and commuting behavior; and the importance of neighborhood types in explaining travel behavior in Chinese cities. The findings from this review should be relevant for researchers interested in developing future studies that will further advance geographic knowledge of the built environment and travel behavior, specifically in China and with broader global contexts. 相似文献
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This paper discusses the question about how to write a literature review paper (LRP). It stresses the primary importance of adding value, rather than only providing an overview, and it then discusses some of the reasons for (or not) actually writing an LRP, including issues relating to the nature and scope of the paper. It also presents different types of LRPs, advises on reporting the methodology used for the selection of papers for review, and the structure of an LRP. An important conclusion is that the heterogeneity in LRPs is very large. This paper also presents some of the aspects that the authors feel are important structural and contextual considerations that help produce high-quality review papers. 相似文献
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Despite the hundreds of billions of dollars being spent on infrastructure development -- from roads, rail and airports to energy extraction and power networks to the Internet -- surprisingly little reliable knowledge exists about the performance of these investments in terms of actual costs, benefits and risks. This paper presents results from the first statistically significant study of cost performance in transport infrastructure projects. The sample used is the largest of its kind, covering 258 projects in 20 nations worth approximately US$90 billion (constant 1995 prices). The paper shows with overwhelming statistical significance that in terms of costs transport infrastructure projects do not perform as promised. The conclusion is tested for different project types, different geographical regions and different historical periods. Substantial cost escalation is the rule rather than the exception. For rail, average cost escalation is 45% (SD=38), for fixed links (tunnels and bridges) it is 34% (62) and for roads 20% (30). Cost escalation appears a global phenomenon, existing across 20 nations on five continents. Cost estimates have not improved and cost escalation not decreased over the past 70 years. Cost estimates used in decision-making for transport infrastructure development are highly, systematically and significantly misleading. Large cost escalations combined with large standard deviations translate into large financial risks. However, such risks are typically ignored or underplayed in decision-making, to the detriment of social and economic welfare. 相似文献
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When demand for transportation is low or sparse, traditional transit cannot provide efficient and good-quality service, due to its fixed structure. New transportation alternatives are therefore increasingly proposed, combining on-demand service adjustment capabilities to the regular route and schedule characteristics of traditional transit. Such so-called semi-flexible systems require careful planning, but no formalization of the corresponding decisions problems, nor any comprehensive methodology has been proposed yet. This paper aims at contributing to fill this gap by presenting a comprehensive literature review, and a general and unifying modeling framework for representing and planning semi-flexible systems. The latter takes the form of the Demand Adaptive Systems, which generalizes the semi-flexible systems described in the literature, and also offers a number of advanced features, the scheduling mechanism, in particular. The paper then provides a classification of planning decisions, which is used to structure a comprehensive and comparative literature review of the field of semi-flexible systems, including methodological contributions as well as a number of particularly significant practical experiences. 相似文献
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IntroductionA promising way to stimulate physical activity is to promote the choice for active modes of transport (walking and cycling). Over the past years, several interventions and policies have been implemented to stimulate this mode shift. However, information concerning the effectiveness of these interventions and policies is still limited. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the effectiveness of interventions designed to stimulate a shift from car use to cycling or walking and to obtain insight into the intervention tools that have been used to promote and/or implement these interventions.MethodsFive databases were searched and articles published in English, Dutch, German, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish were included. Only studies that focussed on a mode shift from car use towards active transport in a general adult population, which were published in peer reviewed journals and which investigated effectiveness were included. Intervention tools used were categorized by using the model of Hoogerwerf & Herweijer, as either legal, economic (subsidy, reward system, penalty), communicative (written materials, behavioural tools) and physical tools (providing bicycles, providing better bicycle facilities at work, adjustment of the environment).ResultsNineteen studies met our inclusion criteria. Studies included described work-place-based interventions, architectural and urbanistic adjustments, population-wide interventions, and bicycle-renting systems. Nearly all studies (except three) showed positive effects concerning a mode shift. Most of the included studies used more than one intervention tool and the tools used differed between types of interventions. However, information about the statistical significance of these results was often lacking and the study methodologies used were not of high quality.ConclusionNearly all studies showed results in a positive direction. However, the quality of the included studies was mostly low and intervention characteristics were poorly described. 相似文献
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从蜂窝无线接入技术、非蜂窝无线接入技术、异构智融车载网络接入技术三方面,分析了国内外轨道交通车载网络的研究现状;针对非蜂窝无线接入技术和蜂窝无线接入技术的问题,阐述了协同利用轨道交通周边异构无线资源进行网络融合、协同通信的优越性;从网络模型、网络架构两方面论述了异构智融车载网络的融合方案;结合智能轨道交通业务需求,从可靠性和资源利用率两方面对现有的异构智融车载网络研究进行了系统性的归类梳理;从人工智能、安全性和云边结合三方面提出未来异构智融车载网络的发展趋势。研究结果表明：异构智融车载网络可靠性分为网络架构的可靠性和数据传输的可靠性,其中在网络架构可靠性方面,主要研究了通过冗余网络架构、车云传输架构、软件定义网络构架和智慧协同网络架构4种方式提升可靠性,在数据传输可靠性方面,主要研究了通过多路径传输、网络编码和切换算法降低传输过程中的丢包率;异构智融车载网络资源利用率分为无线接入的资源利用率和链路调度的资源利用率,其中在无线接入资源利用率方面,主要通过信道状态预测、频谱划分、频移补偿3种方式增加网络吞吐量,提高资源利用率,在链路调度的资源利用率方面,主要通过调度算法、接收缓存算法和拥塞控制算法来减少异构链路对数据传输的影响,降低数据重传次数,提高网络资源利用率。 相似文献
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随着高速铁路和城市轨道交通的迅猛发展,人们环保意识的增强以及高架线路的广泛应用,轨道交通桥梁振动与噪声已成为亟待解决的问题。首先,介绍了混凝土桥、钢桥、钢混组合桥的典型振动与噪声试验和桥梁结构噪声常用的理论研究方法。其次,从桥梁结构优化的角度,讨论了混凝土桥、钢桥常用的减振降噪措施,并探讨了TMD的减振降噪效果。然后,综述了桥上轨道结构常用的减振降噪措施。最后,总结了3种声屏障降噪效果的研究进展。结果表明：①不同结构桥梁振动与噪声有所差异,总体来说钢结构桥梁振动与噪声问题更为突出;②混凝土梁截面的优化措施具有一定的减振降噪效果,如增设中腹板或横隔板,优化腹板倾角等措施,U梁对轮轨噪声具有遮蔽效应,梁下区域遮蔽损失最大可达10 dB（A）,但与传统箱梁相比,U梁结构噪声更大;③约束阻尼结构能够有效控制钢桥振动与噪声,TMD能够有效抑制桥梁结构低频振动,但降噪效果甚微;④在钢轨、扣件、轨枕道床等方面采取相应的减振措施,从而达到轨道交通桥梁减振降噪的目的是最为经济可行的方法;⑤声屏障可有效控制交通噪声,直立声屏障降噪效果为5~10 dB（A）,半封闭声屏障降噪效果约15 dB（A）,全封闭声屏障降噪效果超过20 dB（A）。 相似文献