Perceptions of the performance of state coastal zone management programs in the United States. II. Regional and state comparisons

A mail survey of coastal user groups, academics, and state coastal zone management program managers was conducted to determine the perceptions of the performance of state coastal zone management programs relative to the protection of coastal resources, the management of coastal development, the improvement of public access, and the management of coastal hazards. Information on the perceived importance of the selected issues to each of the 24 states being studied was also solicited. Findings on the perceptions of various categories of interest groups, academics, and program managers with respect to the overall performance of state coastal zone management programs in the four issue areas were presented in an earlier article, “Perceptions of the Performance of State Coastal Zone Management Programs in the United States”; (Knecht et al., 1996). The present article draws on a subset of these data—the responses from the coastal user groups and the academics—and presents the findings at the regional and individual state level. In terms of perceived performance of state coastal zone management programs on a regional basis relative to the selected issue areas, the highest rating went to the Great Lakes region for its management of public access. However, the North Atlantic region received the highest performance rating for the three other issue areas: protection of coastal resources, management of coastal development, and management of coastal hazards. Looking at state performance with regard to the coastal issues judged to be of most importance to the states—the protection of coastal resources and the management of coastal development—respondents indicated that states should improve their performance in both areas, with the greatest need related to the management of coastal development. Overall, the states of the North Atlantic, Great Lakes, and South Atlantic regions were perceived to be performing somewhat better relative to the four issue areas than the states in the Pacific and Gulf of Mexico regions. While the data do not shed light on the reasons for these regional differences, we suggest that, in the case of the Pacific region at least, the differences could be associated with higher expectations among the resident population with regard to environmental quality in general and coastal management in particular.     

Traffic Sounds and Cycling Safety: The Use of Electronic Devices by Cyclists and the Quietness of Hybrid and Electric Cars

Abstract

The growing popularity of electric devices and the increasing number of hybrid and electric cars have recently raised concerns about the use of auditory signals by vulnerable road users. This paper consolidates current knowledge about the two trends in relation to cycling safety. Both a literature review and a crash data analysis were carried out. Based on a proposed conceptual model, knowledge gaps are identified that need to be addressed for a better understanding of the relation between limitations on auditory information while cycling. Results suggest that the concerns regarding the use of electronic devices while cycling and the advent of hybrid and electric vehicles are justified. Listening to music and conversing on the phone negatively influence cyclists’ auditory perception, self-reported crash risk and cycling performance. With regard to electric cars, a recurring problem is their quietness at low speeds. Implications of these findings in terms of cycling safety are discussed.     

交通运输信息融合功能模型

综述一般信息融合功能模型和交通运输信息融合应用的进展,指出这两个方面的联系和差异.针对交通运输应用的信息本质和功能特性,提出交通运输信息融合的一般定义,并建立了交通运输信息融合功能模型.模型对信源引入机器信息与认知信息的划分,提出了分属机器信息和认知信息两个层次的采集校验融合、状态特征融合、预测评估融合、规划设计融合和综合决策融合五级信息融合功能,提供了五级融合功能的三种应用模式,实现了不同交通运输应用功能与信息操作功能的衔接,与一般多传感器数据融合功能模型具有统一性.论文还以交通拥挤管理问题为例,给出了相应的信息融合功能模型.     

城市道路景观设计

该文根据城市道路的特点,从道路空间的划分、道路本体及附属物、路侧环境三个方面阐述了城市道路景观的设计要点以及设计经验,对一些例子进行了分析,并提出了一些建议,为城市建设提供参考。     

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回顾了现有信号交叉口机动车服务水平确定方法,提出了基于模糊神经网络的信号交叉口服务水平模型,设计了基于可视化仿真的驾驶员感受量化调查方法。该模型首先将评价指标输入模糊化,以便利用模糊理论模拟驾驶员的感受形成过程,然后利用人工神经网络驱动模糊推理,从而预测驾驶员对交叉口运行状况的感受,以及交叉口服务水平。本文以混合交通条件下信号交叉口转向车流为例,利用调查数据标定、验证模型。实验结果表明,该模型能够有效预测驾驶员对交叉口运行状况的感受和交叉口服务水平。通行能力、饱和度与驾驶员感受打分值之间的相关性较弱,但方差分析表明这两项指标是感受打分值及服务水平的显著影响因素。延误与感受打分值显著相关。     

风险感知视角下弹性停车激励机制泊位定价方法

以弹性停车激励机制为背景，应用条件风险价值函数刻画个体共享泊位的风险感知特征，提出基于风险感知收益最优的泊位定价方法，探究共享停车供需关系对最优租赁价格的影响规律，并以美国加州大学伯克利分校为例，灵敏度分析各关键参数对共享停车政策效能的正负导向效用。研究表明：基于风险感知收益最优的泊位定价方法能根据外部停车需求约束差异寻找出适度的“竞争性”价格，在确保停车泊位有效利用的同时，引导个体积极参与泊位共享过程，避免因损失厌恶情绪影响弹性停车激励机制的顺利推行。泊位的最优租赁价格将随着停车场回收情况而有所波动，若回收的共享泊位数量过多，该方法则倾向于提高租赁价格，以对冲回收成本；反 之，会以牺牲部分停车场利润为代价，设定较低的租赁价格，保障共享泊位的利用效率。     

基于乘客主观感知的公交客流拥塞量化表征模型

为了综合量化表征公交走廊客流承载设施及工具的空间拥挤性和客流运送时间效率,并科学评价客观技术指标和主观乘客感知对公交系统运行状态的敏感度,提出客流拥塞的概念,并用客流拥塞指数量化表征公交系统运行状态。通过解析客流拥塞与出行时效的关联,并分析公交出行阶段特征,基于“时效延长”思想构建客流拥塞量化表征模型,用于系统量化乘客对出行时间和空间拥挤的主观感知;选取影响出行时效的核心要素作为特征变量（车厢客流密度、站台乘客密度、区间乘车时间和站点候车时间）,采用直观类比打分SP调查法获取数据用于估计模型参数;基于北京西三环公交走廊实测数据,分析全天区间客流拥塞指数时空分布特征和走廊客流拥塞指数动态演化趋势。研究结果表明：北京西三环公交走廊客流拥塞高峰阈值为0.193 9,客流拥塞状态存在明显的方向特征,下行方向客流拥塞高峰状态更显著且持续时间更长;4个特征变量灵敏度系数均值分别为0.449 2,0.165 2,1.427 1和0.408 3,即区间乘车时间为客流拥塞指数最显著的影响因子,而站台乘客密度的影响程度最小,模型识别公交客流拥塞成因的能力得以体现;该模型能够综合全面地反映公交走廊客流拥塞时空分布和动态演化趋势,并能够应用于公交运行状态改善措施研究。     

考虑信效度的地铁车站通道服务水平研究

为了给乘客提供人性化的服务,本文利用乘客感知-反应的方法研究了地铁 车站通道服务水平标准及其划分方法.利用问卷调查和重要度指数法确定了评价指标(乘客平均占用空间)和最小样本量(200).通过图片分组检验确保了服务水平感知问卷各题项 图片的覆盖面.通过专家评估和文献参考确保了问卷的内容效度,通过问卷调查过程的把 握和数据逻辑判断确保了问卷的信度,通过验证性因子分析检验了问卷的结构效度,利用有效数据形成了A-E级标准.结果显示,本文标准均低于TCQSM的A-E级,但DE级间 阈值略高于TCQSM的EF级间阈值;分性别对比时,男性乘客的A和B级标准高于女性, 而C和D级标准基本相同.经分析该标准较为合理,用此方法可以确定其它设备设施的服务水平.     

Toward the betterment of risk allocation: Investigating risk perceptions of Australian stakeholder groups to public-private-partnership tollroad projects

This paper presents a qualitative assessment of the risk perceptions held by key Australian stakeholder groups in the context of tollroads operated under the public-private-partnership model. The findings confirm that experience accumulated in recent years has contributed toward the betterment of risk-sharing optimisation amongst the contracting parties. The knowledge acquired through in-depth interviews supports the common view that equitable risk sharing is the vital ingredient of value for money. The proposition that the private sector is better equipped to manage commercial risks involving economic decision making whilst risks that have embedded unquantifiable social and public values and those in the domain of public governance are best left with government alone, appears to be replete with refutable implications. Public perception is a malleable concept and should be managed by both sectors.     

公路两栖类动物通道设置方法研究

鉴于目前关于我国公路建设中两栖类动物通道设置方法还缺少系统性研究,基于国内外成 功经验,结合我国国情,初步提出了公路两栖类动物通道的设置方法,包括位置确定、诱导生境 （包括微型水塘群和迁徙走廊） 设置、迁徙走廊保护设施（隔离栅、易进出的构造物和标志牌） 设置、效果评价等。以交通运输部典型绿色循环低碳示范路——鹤大高速公路穿越靖宇国家级自 然保护区段为依托工程,应用上述方法设置了6 处两栖类动物通道,指出了未来要继续深化研究 通道的关键参数和设计要求等,以促进我国道路生态学的发展。