制动与转向协调动作的车辆避撞控制研究（双语出版）

为了弥补现有汽车避撞控制策略以及碰撞风险评价指标单一的不足，提出转向和制动协调的主动避撞控制系统。首先规划了五次多项式换道路径，在对其理论分析的基础上得到转向临界避撞距离和与目标车道车辆的安全距离约束。其次，考虑道路附着系数和系统延迟的影响，基于制动过程给出制动临界避撞距离，并以纵向行驶安全系数ξ和碰撞时间倒数T^-1_TC划分安全行驶区域，利用驾驶人实车跟车数据标定稳态跟随/定速巡航区域的阈值。随后，通过转向/制动临界避撞距离的对比给出2种避撞方式的安全收益范围。最后搭建Simulink/CarSim联合仿真模型，并对其进行不同初始条件下的避撞仿真试验。研究结果表明：转向操作在制动距离不足时仍是有效的；当主车高速近距离接近静止前车时，主车可以顺利采取转向换道动作，而常规ACC系统在2.5 s处的车间相对距离为-0.76 m，事实上已经发生了碰撞；当相邻车道前车与主车纵向间距不满足换道安全距离约束时，避撞控制系统进入紧急制动模式，最大制动减速度达到-0.8g（g为重力加速度），实际最小车间距为5.1 m；通过转向和制动的协调动作，充分发挥了车辆的避撞潜力；ξ和T^-1_TC指标的融合，可以更好地评估碰撞风险并实现不同控制模式的转换，在保证行车安全的同时可避免过分制动给乘客造成的紧张感。     

武汉鹦鹉洲长江大桥中塔墩防船撞装置研究

武汉鹦鹉洲长江大桥主桥为(200+2×850+200)m三塔四跨钢-混结合梁悬索桥,中塔墩提出采用自浮式筒形复合材料防撞装置,以减小桥墩的船撞风险。为研究该防撞装置的破坏模式及防撞效果,制作了4个缩尺比为1∶8的防撞装置试件进行准静态侧压试验,并采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件对船桥的碰撞过程进行数值模拟。结果表明:在准静态侧压下,防撞装置的内面层层间剥离、外面层与泡沫剥离,内、外面层纤维均断裂;纵向格构层间剥离并屈曲破坏,降低格构间距可提高结构的弹性极限承载力和初始刚度;防撞装置可以降低船舶撞击力,延长撞击时间;船艏结构撞击后变形明显减少,应力降低。该防撞装置具有良好的防撞保护效果,能有效地降低船桥碰撞过程中桥梁和船舶的损伤。     

进江海轮在能见度不良时的操纵

本文从能见度不良船舶的行动规则及近距离避让两方面着手,阐述进江海轮在能见度不良时的操纵避让措施并提出相关建议,以使船舶驾引人员能从中得到启发,对进江海轮在能见度不良时的安全航行有一定的参考价值,对驾引人员的实际应用亦有一定的参考意义。     

Impact scenario models for probabilistic risk-based design for ship–ship collision

A number of authors have proposed probabilistic risk based ship design for ship–ship collision, conditional to the local trading area of a vessel. The probability of collision and consequences are determined based on the traffic conditions in which a vessel is expected to operate. This paper investigates the adequacy of currently available models for impact scenarios, i.e. models linking the traffic conditions to the conditions at the moment of collision. An exploratory statistical model is presented to establish such a link. A probabilistic risk based design case study is performed for a fleet of RoPax vessels trading on a specified route in the Gulf of Finland. The available impact scenario models from the literature are compared with the developed probabilistic evasive maneuvering model. The results show that the impact scenario models have a very significant influence to the calculated hull breach probabilities. No well-justified impact scenario models are presently available and also the presented probabilistic evasive maneuvering model is burdened with uncertainty. Hence, to move toward a probabilistic risk based ship design paradigm for ship–ship collision in a local trading area, more focus and research is needed to establish a credible link.     

A simplified analytical method for estimating the crushing resistance of an inclined ship side

This paper provides a new contribution to the simplified analytical treatment of collisions between two ships. It is directly connected to the well-known super-elements method, which is a simplified procedure allowing for a quick estimation of the damages caused to both the striking and struck vessels during such events. In this article, a new analytical formulation is presented for estimating the impact resistance provided by inclined ship side panels. Two different scenarios are treated. We first deal with the case of an impact between the oblique plate and the stem of the striking ship, and then we consider the situation where the inclined panel is impacted by the bulb. For these two scenarios, an analytical formulation relating the force and the penetration is provided and these developments are validated by comparing them to the results of finite elements simulations. Finally, the new inclined plate super-element is integrated in a simplified model of a frigate collided by another ship, and the resistance given by the super-elements method is then compared to the one obtained by a numerical simulation of this collision.     

顺水流方向布置桥梁船撞力分析研究

以阳光大道东向延伸二期工程为背景,针对该工程水中高架桥紧邻瓯北大桥主航道且顺水流方向布置的特点,介绍了目前国内外常用的船撞力计算方法。通过有限元瞬态动力分析方法计算分析,得到了较准确实际的船舶撞击力值。有关经验可供相关专业人员参考。     

Three-dimensional derailment analysis of a crashed city tram

City tram collisions are simulated using multi-body dynamics. The aim of this paper is to investigate the collision-induced derailment. Simulation results demonstrate that the corner obstacle collision scenario defined in EN 15227 is mainly focused on the energy absorption process. Due to the large impact angle (45°), it is unlikely for a city tram to comply with this scenario without derailment. In order to avoid derailment, the maximum impact angle between city tram and oblique obstacle should be reduced to 25°. Moreover, some influence factors are analysed, such as mass of loaded passengers, friction coefficient, impact angle, etc. Derailment phenomenon is shown to be significantly dependent on these parameters. Two measures are proposed to prevent the collided city tram from derailment. One is using secondary lateral dampers to absorb collision energy. Another is increasing the lateral stiffness of secondary springs as well as the lateral clearance, so that more collision energy can be stored in the suspension. With these measures, the safety against derailment can be improved.     

基于船舶间接碰撞的教学探讨

针对《海运业务与海商法》课程教学中,学生对船舶间接碰撞难理解的问题,笔者通过对船舶间接碰撞传统概念、国际公约新规定和我国《海商法》等规定进行论述,并通过案例分析,对＂船舶间接碰撞＂概念进行了深入讲解。     

Fast evaluation of ship-bridge collision force based on nonlinear numerical simulation

The max collision force of ship-bridge collision is one of the most important references for bridge design. By means of nonlinear digital simulation method, the collision forces of the collisions between rigid bridge pier and ship bow were calculated out for four different ships, whose tonnages are 5 000, l0 000,50 000 and 60 000 DWT respectively. Curves of collision force-penetration and absorbed energy-penetration are obtained, and the data of the max loads are then summarized. On the basis of these curves and data, a set of curves describing the relationships between max collision forces and tonnages of the ships are successfully presented, by which the max collision forces of the ships-bridge with different tonnages and in different velocities can be estimated easily and reliably.     

基于AIS信息的船舶避碰自动决策研究

介绍AIS运行机理,分析AIS信息组成特点,提出基于AIS信息进行避碰行动自动决策的观点,并分别阐述了自动决策各模块功能及其可行性.AIS信息包含几乎所有避碰必要信息,利用该信息进行避碰决策,具有很高可信度和广阔应用前景.