Smart charging management for shared autonomous electric vehicle fleets: A Puget Sound case study

Increasingly, experts are forecasting the future of transportation to be shared, autonomous and electric. As shared autonomous electric vehicle (SAEV) fleets roll out to the market, the electricity consumed by the fleet will have significant impacts on energy demand and, in turn, drive variation in energy cost and reliability, especially if the charging is unmanaged. This research proposes a smart charging (SC) framework to identify benefits of active SAEV charging management that strategically shifts electricity demand away from high-priced peak hours or towards renewable generation periods. Time of use (TOU), real time pricing (RTP), and solar generation electricity scenarios are tested using an agent-based simulation to study (1) the impact of battery capacity and charging infrastructure type on SAEV fleet performance and operational costs under SC management; (2) the cost reduction potential of SC considering energy price fluctuation, uncertainty, and seasonal variation; (3) the charging infrastructure requirements; and (4) the system efficiency of powering SAEVs with solar generation. A case study from the Puget Sound region demonstrates the proposed SC algorithm using trip patterns from the regional travel demand model and local energy prices. Results suggest that in the absence of electricity price signals, SAEV charging demand is likely to peak the evening, when regional electricity use patterns already indicate high demand. Under SC management, EVs with larger battery sizes are more responsive to low-electricity cost charging opportunities, and have greater potential to reduce total energy related costs (electricity plus charging infrastructure) for a SAEV fleet, especially under RTP structure.     

Assessing the impact of cornering losses on the energy consumption of electric city buses

In view of the increasing electrification of public city transport, an accurate energy consumption prediction for Battery Electric Buses (BEBs) is essential. Conventional prediction algorithms do not consider energy losses that occur during turning of the vehicle. This is especially relevant for electric city buses, which have a limited battery capacity and often drive curvy routes.In this paper, the additional energy consumption during steering of a BEB is modeled, measured, and assessed. A nonlinear steady-state cornering model is developed to establish the additional energy losses during cornering. The model includes large steer angles, load transfer, and a Magic Formula tire model. Model results show that both cornering resistance and tire scrub of the rear tires cause additional energy losses during cornering, depending on the corner radius and vehicle velocity.The energy consumption model is validated with full scale vehicle tests and shows an average deviation of 0.8 kW compared to the measurements. Analysis of recorded real-world bus routes reveals that on average these effects constitute 3.1% of the total powertrain energy. The effect is even more significant for routes crossing city centers, reaching values up to 5.8%. In these cases, cornering losses can be significant and should not be neglected in an accurate energy consumption prediction.     

平车侧门锁固结构改进研究

介绍了平车侧门的锁固结构及原理,建立挡铁力学模型,并通过对锁固结构进行设计改进提高了侧门锁固可靠性。     

高速动车组铝结构侧墙加工工艺研究

高速动车组侧墙部件是高铁铝结构的核心部件之一,由于整车挠度的技术要求,需带预制挠度焊接和加工,开发一套既能准确补偿挠度变化、又能快速有效完成加工过程的侧墙加工工艺是全面提高铝结构大部件加工能力的关键。研究了侧墙加工的工艺开发、夹具设计、刀具选型、工艺流程及数控程序的三维仿真验证。     

表面改性剂对橡胶垫板动态性能的影响

通过掺加不同表面改性剂制作了5种配方试样,采用橡胶加工分析仪,材料疲劳试验机和冲击回弹试验仪,研究了有无表面改性剂以及不同种类表面改性剂对橡胶垫板动态性能的影响规律.研究结果表明:加入表面改性剂后,配方1(基准配方)到配方5(表面改性剂为LONSIL 4C)橡胶动静刚度比、损耗功和力学损耗角正切tanδ均依次减小;配方1到配方5储能模量依次减小,Payne效应越来越不明显;配方1到配方5橡胶材料回弹性依次增大;动静刚度比与损耗功、回弹性和tanδ均有很好的相关性.在试验室可以用测试回弹性或损耗功,或tanδ代替测试动静刚度比,以降低低动静刚度比橡胶垫板的研发成本.     

大功率异步电机间接矢量控制策略研究

异步电机在大功率电气传动场合得到广泛应用。本文提出了一种异步电机间接矢量控制策略,通过异步电机的转子磁场定向模型,编码器检测的电机转速与模型计算的转差频率可以得到同步角频率,同步角频率积分获得位置信息。将检测的转速信号通过高通滤波器,提取转速的脉动补偿到转矩电流的给定上,可以抑制电机的转速抖动。通过MATLAB仿真验证,表明了这种异步电机控制策略稳定性好,全速度范围带载能力强,工程实现方便,性能优越,具有广泛的实用性。     

基于隧道污染机制的内壁亮化耐污涂层技术试验研究与应用

为提高隧道行车视觉环境，实现内壁涂层亮化耐污对提升隧道运营安全与节能的促进作用，解决现有我国隧道品质提升缺乏内壁涂层技术选型依据的问题，开展基于隧道内壁污染机制和分布特点的涂层亮化耐污机制研究，并以接触角和反射率为主要指标，进行4种不同涂层材料的亮化耐污试验。试验结果表明： 在相同平整度条件下，材料接触角越接近超疏水接触角，耐污效果越好，并可使反射率保持在较高水平，在后期运营中具备较明显的易清洗优势，且清洗后的反射率与刚实施完成后的反射率接近，说明这类材料对提升公路隧道运营品质、降低运营成本具有积极的促进作用。     

复合型开孔板连接件抗剪性能试验

为提高开孔板连接件(PBL)的抗剪性能，提出了带柔性套筒的复合型PBL连接件，并对其抗剪性能进行试验研究，建立复合型PBL承载力计算方法。基于贯穿钢筋弯拉受力模型，推导其抗剪作用表达式，得到PBL孔内应力扩散角对贯穿钢筋抗剪作用的影响规律。设计制作8个PBL推出试件并进行破坏试验，探究柔性套筒壁厚对复合型PBL抗剪刚度、承载能力、延性、破坏模式及孔内钢筋混凝土榫传力机制的影响。研究结果表明：极限状态下，复合型PBL的贯穿钢筋弯拉变形较大，荷载-滑移曲线呈现明显的强化特征，且连接件延性得到显著改善；与无柔性套筒的常规PBL比较，贯穿钢筋周围包裹2 mm壁厚套筒的复合型PBL极限承载力和相应滑移分别提高了40.0%和42.6%；继续增大柔性套筒壁厚，由于孔内混凝土榫的有效剪切面积削弱，且两侧混凝土对贯穿钢筋的局部支撑作用减小，连接件承载力有所降低，但延性得到持续改善。将试验结果与已有常规PBL承载力计算公式进行对比分析表明，以钢筋混凝土榫剪切变形为主的常规PBL承载力计算公式对复合型PBL抗剪承载力计算误差较大，相关公式计算值均小于试验实测值。结合复合型PBL传力机理，给出了考虑混凝土榫剪切作用、贯穿钢筋作用和混凝土板局部支撑作用的PBL承载力计算公式。与试验结果对比发现，所提承载力公式计算值与试验结果吻合良好，可用于复合型PBL抗剪承载力的确定。     

A novel vehicle dynamics stability control algorithm based on the hierarchical strategy with constrain of nonlinear tyre forces

Direct yaw moment control (DYC), which differentially brakes the wheels to produce a yaw moment for the vehicle stability in a steering process, is an important part of electric stability control system. In this field, most control methods utilise the active brake pressure with a feedback controller to adjust the braked wheel. However, the method might lead to a control delay or overshoot because of the lack of a quantitative project relationship between target values from the upper stability controller to the lower pressure controller. Meanwhile, the stability controller usually ignores the implementing ability of the tyre forces, which might be restrained by the combined-slip dynamics of the tyre. Therefore, a novel control algorithm of DYC based on the hierarchical control strategy is brought forward in this paper. As for the upper controller, a correctional linear quadratic regulator, which not only contains feedback control but also contains feed forward control, is introduced to deduce the object of the stability yaw moment in order to guarantee the yaw rate and side-slip angle stability. As for the medium and lower controller, the quantitative relationship between the vehicle stability object and the target tyre forces of controlled wheels is proposed to achieve smooth control performance based on a combined-slip tyre model. The simulations with the hardware-in-the-loop platform validate that the proposed algorithm can improve the stability of the vehicle effectively.     

Slip regulation for anti-lock braking systems using multiple surface sliding controller combined with inertial delay control

In this paper, a multiple surface sliding controller is designed for an anti-lock braking system to maintain the slip ratio at a desired level. Various types of uncertainties coming from unknown road surface conditions, the variations in normal force and the mass of the vehicle are estimated using an uncertainty estimation technique called the inertial delay control and then the estimate is used in the design of the multiple surface sliding controller. The proposed scheme does not require the bounds of uncertainties. The ultimate boundedness of the overall system is proved. The proposed scheme is validated by simulation under various scenarios of road friction, road gradient and vehicle loading followed by experimentation on a laboratory anti-lock braking set-up for different friction conditions.