Distance and time in intermodal goods transport networks in Europe: A generic approach

This paper is about distance and time as factors of competitiveness of intermodal transport. It reviews the relevance of the factors, evaluates time models in practice, compares network distances and times in alternative bundling networks with geometrically varied layouts, and points out how these networks perform in terms of vehicle scale, frequency and door-to-door time. The analysis focuses on intermodal transport in Europe, especially intermodal rail transport, but is in search for generic conclusions. The paper does not incorporate the distance and time results in cost models, and draws conclusions for transport innovation, wherever this is possible without cost modelling. For instance, the feature vehicle scale, an important factor of transport costs, is analysed and discussed.Distance and time are important factors of competitiveness of intermodal transport. They generate (direct) vehicle costs and – via transport quality – indirect costs to the customers. Clearly direct costs/prices are the most important performance of the intermodal transport system. The relevance of quality performances is less clarified. Customers emphasise the importance of a good match between the transport and the logistic system. In this framework (time) reliability is valued high. Often transport time, arrival and departure times, and frequency have a lower priority. But such conclusions can hardy be generalised. The range of valuations reflects the heterogeneity of situations. Some lack of clarity is obviously due to overlapping definitions of different performance types.The following parts of the paper are about two central fields of network design, which have a large impact on transport costs and quality, namely the design of vehicle roundtrips (and acceleration of transport speed) and the choice of bundling type: do vehicles provide direct services or run in what we call complex bundling networks? An example is the hub-and-spoke network. The objective of complex bundling is to increase vehicle scale and/or transport frequency even if network volumes are restricted. Complex bundling requires intermediate nodes for the exchange of load units. Examples of complex bundling networks are the hub-and-spoke network or the line network.Roundtrip and bundling design are interrelated policy fields: an acceleration of the roundtrip speed, often desirable from the cost point of view, can often only be carried out customer friendly, if the transport frequency is increased. But often the flow size is not sufficient for a higher frequency. Then a change of bundling model can be an outcome.Complex bundling networks are known to have longer average distances and times, the latter also due to the presence of additional intermediate exchange nodes. However, this disadvantage is – inside the limits of maximal vehicle sizes – overruled by the advantage of a restricted number of network links. Therefore generally, complex bundling networks have shorter total vehicle distances and times. This expression of economies of scale implies lower vehicle costs per load unit.The last part of the paper presents door-to-door times of load units of complex bundling networks and compares them with unimodal road transport. The times of complex bundling networks are larger than that of networks with direct connections, but nevertheless competitive with unimodal road transport, except for short distances.     

基于线性诱导的公路隧道入口区域交通安全优化研究

为达到驾驶人早发现隧道洞门、早适应环境变化、早决策驾驶行为的目的，通过分析隧道入口区域行车环境下的视距视区与交通安全问题，借鉴常见的线条形视线诱导设施（如反光环、反光条、弹性交通柱等），构建隧道线性诱导系统，并提出基于线性诱导的隧道入口区域改善方法。另外，通过室内模拟试验，采集白天与夜间环境下注视点的位置数据； 将注视区域分为5类，并分析注视点在各区域的视觉转移特性，评价隧道入口区域改善前后的效果。结果表明： 1）隧道线性诱导系统具备形式多样、较大尺寸、可以勾勒轮廓、发光分散等特点，同时可以以低成本提升隧道光环境的安全性。2）隧道入口区域改善前，驾驶人的注视点以较大概率出现在前方近处。3）改善后，驾驶人的注视点以较大的概率出现在前方远处，表明改善方案使得驾驶人的视距充足； 改善后注视点在主要分布区域的注视概率变动比改善前更为缓和，表明驾驶人的视区变化得到缓解。     

论高速公路绿化的景观协同性

本文运用系统论及协同学的基本观点论述了高速公路绿化景观系统的组成、结构特性及其协同性 ,对于丰富公路美学的科学内涵具有重要的价值 .     

基于预期偏移距离的人机权值分配策略研究

针对智能车辆横向运动控制中驾驶员和辅助系统的控制权限冲突问题,本文中提出一种人机权值分配策略。采用车辆在预瞄点处的预期偏移距离(PDLC)衡量车道偏离危险度,预期偏移距离通过对预瞄偏差修正获取。权值分配函数设计时以PDLC为自变量,以保证驾驶员的权值为优先控制目标,以一定的横向运动控制精度为先决条件。在CarSim/Simulink联合仿真平台和CarSim/Labview RT硬件在环实验台上对提出的控制策略进行了实验验证和数据分析。结果表明,采用权值分配策略协调驾驶员和辅助系统的控制,可在有效跟踪理想道路中心线的前提下保证驾驶员的控制权值,降低其工作负荷以及纠正驾驶员的误操作行为。     

欠驱动船舶路径跟踪的神经滑模控制

为实现欠驱动船舶在存在风浪流外界干扰和参数摄动条件下的路径跟踪控制,提出一种基于可视距离的神经滑模路径跟踪鲁棒控制器。利用可视距离思想,根据期望路径与当前位置信息,分别设计船舶纵向速度和艏摇角的参考值,并视为镇定位置误差的虚拟控制律,将路径跟踪问题转化为纵向速度和艏摇角的镇定问题;结合神经网络和滑模方法,设计一种新的神经滑模鲁棒控制器,实现了对虚拟控制律的跟踪控制,无需确定参数摄动和外界干扰的上界,避免了控制器容易出现的饱和问题和抖振现象。仿真试验表明,设计的控制器对欠驱动船舶的模型摄动和外界干扰变化不敏感,可以实现路径的理想跟踪。     

码头岸坡土体相关距离的求解

码头岸坡多为天然土层沉积而成,土体参数具有空间变异性,应用随机场理论可以实现土性参数的点变异性到空间变异性的转化。土性参数随机场是一个平稳随机场,相关距离是描述土性参数随机场的一个重要指标。基于随机场理论,利用静力触探曲线数据按相关函数法拟合求解了码头岸坡土体的相关距离,为今后开展码头岸坡的可靠度研究打下基础。     

考虑空驶距离的出租汽车空气污染排放模型

为合理、准确量化空驶状态下出租汽车空气污染排放总量及比例,基于深圳市出租汽车GPS数据,构建考虑空驶距离的出租汽车空气污染排放模型。经过数据筛选,以深圳市3 198辆出租汽车为分析对象,识别出租汽车空驶和载客状态,进而计算载客距离和空驶距离。结合已有的三类出租汽车空气污染排放模型,考虑出租汽车空驶距离分别构建改进模型。参考已有研究成果设定空气污染排放因子,计算得到三类模型对应的空驶过程中出租汽车空气污染排放量占各自污染排放总量的比例分别为25.4%,34.2%和18.9%。最后,从排放因子、行驶距离、燃油经济性等方面探讨出租汽车空气污染减排策略。     

考虑土性相关性的加筋土堤坡可靠度计算研究

给出了加筋土堤概率可靠度分析的极限状态的功能函数,指出了对计算模式不确定性而进行修正的必要性,同时给出了其在极限状态功能函数中的形式,考虑了土性c与φ值的自相关性和负互相关性。对加筋土堤可靠度计算中考虑了三种不确定性:材料参数的不确定性;荷载和作用因素的不确定性;计算模型的不确定性。     

CA6127URE31纯电动城市客车性能计算

通过仿真计算,估计CA6127URE31纯电动城市客车的最高车速、加速性能和爬坡度等主要动力性参数及续驶里程、单位里程能耗等能耗评价指标,并在样车试制完成后予以验证,实车测试结果表明,该估算方法具有较高的准确度。     

坝光隧道小净距段的施工技术

该文以采用矿山法施工小净距隧道技术为研究目标,分析了小净距隧道施工的技术难点和关键点,总结了小净距隧道施工方法、技术思路和施工技术措施,介绍了深圳葵坝路坝光小净距隧道工程实例。认为,小净距隧道施工应采用综合性技术和措施,提高隧道支护结构的强度、刚度和整体性,减少和控制两条隧道开挖时的相互影响,合理地利用围岩自承能力,保证围岩与支护结构共同作用。