Severity of pedestrian injuries due to traffic crashes at signalized intersections in Hong Kong: a Bayesian spatial logit model

The present study intended to (1) investigate the injury risk of pedestrian casualties involved in traffic crashes at signalized intersections in Hong Kong; (2) determine the effect of pedestrian volumes on the severity levels of pedestrian injuries; and (3) explore the role of spatial correlation in econometric crash‐severity models. The data from 1889 pedestrian‐related crashes at 318 signalized intersections between 2008 and 2012 were elaborately collected from the Traffic Accident Database System maintained by the Hong Kong Transport Department. To account for the cross‐intersection heterogeneity, a Bayesian hierarchical logit model with uncorrelated and spatially correlated random effects was developed. An intrinsic conditional autoregressive prior was specified for the spatial correlation term. Results revealed that (1) signalized intersections with greater pedestrian volumes generally exhibited a lower injury risk; (2) ignoring the spatial correlation potentially results in reduced model goodness‐of‐fit, an underestimation of variability and standard error of parameter estimates, as well as inconsistent, biased, and erroneous inference; (3) special attention should be paid to the following factors, which led to a significantly higher probability of pedestrians being killed or sustaining severe injury: pedestrian age greater than 65 years, casualties with head injuries, crashes that occurred on footpaths that were not obstructed/overcrowded, heedless or inattentive crossing, crashes on the two‐way carriageway, and those that occurred near tram or light‐rail transit stops. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A survey of wheel–rail contact models for rail vehicles

Accurate and efficient contact models for wheel–rail interaction are essential for the study of the dynamic behaviour of a railway vehicle. Assessment of the contact forces and moments, as well as contact geometry provide a fundamental foundation for such tasks as design of braking and traction control systems, prediction of wheel and rail wear, and evaluation of ride safety and comfort. This paper discusses the evolution and the current state of the theories for solving the wheel–rail contact problem for rolling stock. The well-known theories for modelling both normal contact (Hertzian and non-Hertzian) and tangential contact (Kalker's linear theory, FASTSIM, CONTACT, Polach's theory, etc.) are reviewed. The paper discusses the simplifying assumptions for developing these models and compares their functionality. The experimental studies for evaluation of contact models are also reviewed. This paper concludes with discussing open areas in contact mechanics that require further research for developing better models to represent the wheel–rail interaction.     

天津富民桥主索鞍与散索套的制作

天津富民桥主桥为单塔空间索面自锚式悬索桥,简述该桥主索鞍、主跨散索套、边跨散索套的结构组成,重点介绍主索鞍、散索套的加工制作工艺以及制作过程中的重点检验项目.     

自锚式悬索桥空间索面猫道架设与调整

天津富民桥主桥为单塔空间索面自锚式悬索桥,其主跨主缆采用三维空间线形.在体系转换的过程中,主缆不仅产生垂直方向的变位,还会产生横向变位,猫道位置也需作出相应调整.主要介绍猫道架设与调整方法.     

天津富民桥主桥整体结构空间分析与设计

天津富民桥主桥为单塔空间索面自锚式悬索桥,桥塔为独柱,主跨主缆采用三维空间线形,在立面及平面投影皆为抛物线,边跨主缆采用1组(2根并排)缆索不加竖向吊索形式.主要介绍该桥的结构设计特点,并简述整体结构空间分析计算结果.     

水泥路面板高温隆起的力学机理分析

为了避免或延缓水泥路面板在夏季产生高温隆起现象,从力学机理的角度,探讨了水泥路面板在夏季高温隆起的原因,并举例计算水泥路面板板顶与板底全年最大的应力差及水泥路面板压曲临界应力。结果表明,仅从强度的角度来看,如胀缝设置不当,则旧水泥路面板在夏季都是危险的;如果胀缝功能得不到保证,厚度26 cm左右的水泥路面板,在夏季出现隆起的临界板长约为85 m。因此,建议在南方地区,对于4级及4级以下公路(特别是低造价的农村公路)广泛采用的素混凝土或低配筋混凝土路面,胀缝按80 m间距来设置是适宜的。     

先简支后连续分布式箱梁桥后连续预应力合理张拉顺序研究

采用等效节点力的概念,以虚拟层合单元程序为平台,分析推导了预应力空间效应分析的方法,并以此为基础,考查了一座先简支后连续小箱梁桥后连续预应力张拉引起的结构空间效应。针对先简支后连续的施工特点,重点考查了结构在不同的后连续端浇注与张拉顺序下的预应力效应及其对结构受力的影响。结果表明,采用不同的张拉顺序,对于结构的受力和变形,尤其是临时支座的合理受力影响很大。并从中选择一次性浇注所有后连续端部的施工顺序作为最优的工序,推荐为施工所采用。     

波形钢腹板组合箱梁弹性阶段弯曲理论及模型试验研究

基于波形钢腹板组合箱梁独特的受力特点,建立了系统的弹性阶段受弯分析理论：从弯曲正应变分布的拟平截面假定出发,采用材料力学方法,推导了正应力、剪应力及波形钢腹板承担的剪力占整个截面所受剪力比例的计算公式;运用能量原理推导了挠度的计算公式。分析表明：在完全忽略波形钢腹板弯曲刚度的情况下,其剪应力沿梁高是不变的;波形钢腹板承担的剪力比例一般在80％以上;在设计常用的高跨比下,波形腹板剪切变形引起的挠度不可忽略。在此基础上,进行了1根模型梁的试验研究,理论分析值与试验结果、空间有限元计算值吻合良好,说明本文理论公式可以在设计中应用。     

国外公路生态影响大尺度合作性研究

大尺度合作性研究不足会忽视很多道路生态影响,造成一定程度上的科研空区,甚至产生错误的研究成果。基于此,通过分析道路生态影响作用尺度及现存研究所存问题,同时详细探讨国外大尺度合作性研究的概况,并提出公路生态影响大尺度合作性研究适用领域及相应的方法和实施步骤,可以提高学术界对道路生态影响大尺度合作性研究的重视,提高道路生态影响科研水平。     

强夯法处理湿陷性黄土路基的试验研究

通过试验的方法研究某高速公路湿陷性黄土路基的特性,并结合室内击实路基土试样的三轴剪切试验和现场强夯路基土的湿陷性系数的对比试验,研究确定路基土的物理力学特性、黄土路基的湿陷性和强夯法加固湿陷性黄土路基的效果,研究结果对湿陷性黄土地区工程具有参考价值。