Integrated models of land use and transportation for the autonomous vehicle revolution

ABSTRACT

The advent of the autonomous vehicle (AV) will affect not only the transportation system, but also future patterns of land development. Integrated land use and transportation models will be critical tools in assessing the path forward with this technology. Key questions with respect to land use impacts of AVs arise from potential changes in sensitivity to travel and reduced demand for parking. It is an open question whether AVs will induce urban sprawl, or whether spatial economies of agglomeration will mitigate any reductions in travel time sensitivity. The deployment of shared fleets of AVs would likely reduce parking demand, producing yet to be explored impacts on property development within existing urban footprints. We perform a critical assessment of currently operational models and their ability to represent the adoption of AVs. We identify the representation of time in such models as a vital component requiring additional development to model this new technology. Existing model applications have focused on the discrete addition of new infrastructure or policy at a fixed point in time, whereas AV adoption will occur incrementally through time. Stated adaptation surveys are recommended as tools to quantify preferences and develop relevant model inputs. It is argued that existing models that assume comparatively static equilibrium have been convenient in the past, but are insufficient to model technology adoption. In contrast, dynamic model frameworks lack sufficient structure to maintain reasonability under large perturbations from base conditions. The ongoing advancement of computing has allowed models to move away from being mechanistic aggregate tools, towards behaviourally rich depictions of individual persons and firms. However, much work remains to move from projections of existing conditions into the future, to the evolution of the spatial economy as it evolves through time in response to new technologies and exogenous stresses. Principles from complex and evolutionary systems theory will be important in the development of models with the capacity to consider such dynamics.     

电压型逆变器输出电压检测与数字滤波方法研究

针对实时、准确地检测电压型逆变器输出电压基波比较困难的问题，从检测逆变器的直流支撑电压入手，提出了一种根据控制器的输出脉冲序列，利用ＤＳＰ进行实时计算逆变器输出电压基波瞬时输出值的新方案，试验结果证明了方案的可行性。     

极早期烟雾报警系统在列车中的应用分析

分析列车起火因素,介绍典型火灾发展的过程,阐述传统早期烟雾报警系统的缺陷和极早期烟雾报警系统在列车中应用的优势,并给出极早期烟雾报警系统在列车中的初步应用方案。     

铁路地理标记语言的研究

本文提出了RGIS面临数据之间和系统之间不统一的问题,介绍了一种具有高效空间数据交换机制的铁路地理标记语言(RGML)来解决,重点论述铁路地理标记语言的对象模型,包括地物特征对象和几何对象,地物特征对象定义了空间对象的内容和结构,几何对象提供了详细的基本空间几何组件定义.最后给出RGML描述省界的实例,说明用RGML处理铁路空间数据的优势.     

有损伤简支桥梁的波动分析

大跨度桥梁这种大、轻、柔结构在承受扰动时,响应呈现明显的波动现象.出于对该类结构进行局部控制和健康安全监测的需要,应用回传射线矩阵法,对方波脉冲作用下的有损伤简支桥梁进行波动分析.桥梁结构的局部损伤用减小单元的杨氏模量来模拟.比较方波作用下有损伤结构与无损伤结构跨中处的弯矩波,研究损伤程度对弯矩波的影响.结果表明,当方波脉冲以力偶方式作用时,通过结构跨中处的弯矩波曲线能够准确的判断损伤存在,确定损伤位置和损伤区域.     

一种车牌定位算法的实现

车辆牌照的自动识别是智能交通系统中的一项重要技术,而车辆牌照的定位又是车牌识别的关键点之一。文章依据二值化图像中车牌区域跳变频率高的事实,提出一种算法来确定车辆牌照在原始图像中的水平位置和垂直位置,从而定位车辆牌照。实验结果表明本算法处理速度较快、便于实现。     

Contents Index Volume 35 and 36

Active safety systems would benefit from tyre force and friction potential information. Different sensor concepts, including, among others, the EU–funded Apollo–project developed tyre sensor based on optical position detection, are being studied. The sensor can measure tyre carcass deflections with respect to the rim. The carcass deflections can be used to calculate tyre forces and they may be exploited in the estimation of friction potential. The waveforms of the sensor signal are illustrated. The vertical and lateral force estimations are presented with unavoidable compensation parts. The tyre sensor measurements were compared to the measurement–vehicle results and good correlations achieved. Continuing activities are concerned with the estimation of friction potential and the detection of aquaplaning.     

Heavy duty vehicle rollover detection and active roll control

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive study on heavy-duty vehicle (HDV) roll stability improvement technology. The proposed rollover threat warning system uses the real-time dynamic model-based time-to-rollover (TTR) metric as a basis for online rollover detections. Its feasibility for implementation in a HDV rollover threat detection system is demonstrated through vehicle dynamic simulation studies. The research on the development of a rollover threat detection system is further enhanced in combination with an active roll control system using active suspension mechanism to improve heavy-duty trucks’ roll stability both in the static cornering and in emergency maneuvers. It has been demonstrated that the roll stability of typical heavy-duty trucks has been largely improved by the proposed active safety monitoring and control system.     

Fault-tolerant control of heavy-haul trains

The fault-tolerant control (FTC) of heavy-haul trains is discussed on the basis of the speed regulation proposed in previous works. The fault modes of trains are assumed and the corresponding fault detection and isolation (FDI) are studied. The FDI of sensor faults is based on a geometric approach for residual generators. The FDI of a braking system is based on the observation of the steady-state speed. From the difference of the steady-state speeds between the fault system and the faultless system, one can get fault information. Simulation tests were conducted on the suitability of the FDIs and the redesigned speed regulators. It is shown that the proposed FTC does not explicitly worsen the performance of the speed regulator in the case of a faultless system, while it obviously improves the performance of the speed regulator in the case of a faulty system.     

基于双T滤波器的城市轨道交通列车电缆绝缘检测方法研究

城市轨道列车车载电缆是其整个电力系统中传输和分配电能以及传输信号控制信息的重要设备,电缆的绝缘状态对列车安全可靠运行有重要影响。传统绝缘检测装置都未考虑到电磁干扰对绝缘检测的影响,列车运行环境中严重的电磁干扰易造成绝缘在线监测系统数据的波动大及工作不稳定的问题,为此提出基于双T滤波器的列车电缆绝缘检测新方法。此方法不仅可以提高电缆绝缘检测精度,而且还可以适应列车复杂噪声信号干扰环境,保证设备稳定运行。