汽车排放控制及净化措施研究

针对日益严重的汽车排放对大气环境的污染和健康的危害问题,分析汽车排放物的形成原因,并提出相应的控制及解决措施．具有重要的实践意义。     

现代汽车发动机冷却系统的发展趋势

传统发动机冷却系统由于自身的被动性影响,其工作性能受到限制。在部分负荷时会造成功率损失,而汽车在这种工况下行驶的时间最长。介绍一些先进冷却系统的结构设计和特点,如精确冷却系统、分流式冷却系统、可控式冷却系统等。这些系统既起到保护发动机的作用,又改善燃油效率和降低排放污染物。     

Are HOV/eco-lanes a sustainable option to reducing emissions in a medium-sized European city?

Innovative traffic management measures are needed to reduce transportation-related emissions. While in Europe, road lane management has focused mainly on introduction of bus lanes, the conversion to High Occupancy Vehicles (HOV) and eco-lanes (lanes dedicated to vehicles running on alternative fuels) has not been studied comprehensively. The objectives of this research are to: (1) Develop an integrated microscopic modeling platform calibrated with real world data to assess both traffic and emissions impacts of future Traffic Management Strategies (TMS) in an urban area; (2) Evaluate the introduction of HOV/eco-lanes in three different types of roads, freeway, arterial and urban routes, in an European medium-sized city and its effects in terms of emissions and traffic performance. The methodology consists of three distinct phases: (a) Traffic and road inventory data collection; (b) Traffic and emissions simulation using an integrated platform of microscopic simulation; and (c) Evaluation of scenarios. For the baseline scenario, the statistical analysis shows valid results. The results show that HOV and eco-lanes in a medium European city are feasible, and when the Average Occupancy of Vehicles (AOV) increases, on freeways, the majority of vehicles can reduce their travel time (2%) with a positive impact in terms of total emissions (−38% NO_x, −39% HC, −43% CO and −37% CO₂). On urban and arterial corridors, the reduction in emissions could be achieved only if the AOV increases from 1.50 to 1.70 passengers/vehicle. Total emissions of the corridor with an AOV of 1.70 passengers/vehicle can be reduced up to 35–36% for the urban route while the values can be reduced by 36–39% for the arterial road. With the introduction of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) and Electric Vehicles (EV) it is possible to reduce emissions, although the introduction of eco-lanes did not show significant reductions in emissions. When both policies are simulated together, an emissions improvement is observed for the arterial route and for two of the scenarios.     

燃料辅助喷射对柴油机起动着火及排放的影响

为了研究辅助燃料对柴油机起动工况着火及排放的影响规律,在柴油机起动过程中,向进气道内分别喷射不同浓度的乙醚和C3H8进行了试验。试验结果表明:辅助喷射适当种类的燃料,可实现诱导、促进着火并改善燃烧的目的。辅助燃料除应具备良好的挥发性外,其着火性也是改善起动性能的重要因素。进气道喷射C3H8会抑制起动着火性,随喷射浓度的增加,燃烧恶化,HC排放升高;喷射适量浓度乙醚,可以促进起动过程着火,完全消除起动工况失火和不完全燃烧循环,在降低HC排放的同时,减少PM排放50%以上。     

车用加热器降低汽油机冷起动排放的试验研究

通过液体燃油加热器对车用电喷汽油发动机冷却液进行预热,进行了机动车低温冷起动过程的排放试验研究。台架试验证明:加热器可大幅度降低发动机低温冷起动阶段的排放。经燃油加热器预热后,按欧Ⅲ标准,前两个15工况循环下的累积排放量在不经催化转化器时,HC降低了31.4%,CO下降2.8%,NOx下降59.5%。燃油加热器自身的累积排放量HC为原机的3.1%,CO为4.6%,而NOx仅为原机的1.8%。试验中还对同时利用燃油加热器排温预热起燃催化转化器进行了探索。     

乳化柴油添加二乙醚的排放试验研究

研究了在柴油机上燃用乳化柴油添加二乙醚时的排放特性,探讨了在乳化柴油中添加二乙醚能降低柴油机废气排放的机理,分析了排放污染物随发动机负荷变化的规律,并且与燃用柴油以及乳化柴油时的排放效果进行了比较。研究结果表明,在乳化柴油中添加10%的二乙醚能显著降低NOx和烟度的排放,尤其是在高负荷时,能明显降低HC和CO的排放。与燃用乳化柴油相比,即使在部分负荷时,也不会对NOx排放产生不良的影响。     

基于OBD系统的失火诊断与排放分析

车载诊断(OBD)系统是实施国Ⅲ和国Ⅳ排放标准的核心内容,发动机失火诊断是OBD系统重要功能之一。指出了发动机失火的原因和危害;分析了OBD失火诊断监测方法、诊断原理和故障处理方法;根据OBD对发动机失火监控原理,说明了基于曲轴转速波动的失火诊断策略,并通过发动机失火发生装置模拟发动机失火,分析了失火时的曲轴转速波动和排放情况。试验研究结果表明,发动机发生失火时,曲轴转速有较大下降,HC和CO排放随着失火率的增加迅速升高。     

氢内燃机的发展现状和动向

针对氢(H2)内燃机的迅速发展,对其进行了综合研究和论述。总结H2内燃机的国内外发展现状,研究H2内燃机的先进技术,重点提出了H2内燃机的研究难点和重点并对解决方案进行研究,对发展方向做出论述和预测。     

电控LPG/柴油双燃料发动机的性能研究

对LRC6105柴油机改装为电控LPG/柴油双燃料发动机进行了实验研究,研究了不同掺烧比对燃料经济性、动力性和排放特性的影响。结果表明,加入一定比例的LPG可改变缸内燃烧过程,大幅度降低排气烟度,在一定程度上提高了燃油经济性;随着掺烧比的提高,尾气中HC和CO的含量有明显增加;电控双燃料发动机的动力性与原机基本相同。柴油机掺烧LPG有一定的规律,随发动机负荷、转速等参数的变化,掺烧有一最佳掺烧比,使得柴油机的动力性能、NOx和碳烟排放均达到最优化。     

贵金属—稀土复合型催化剂工作性能的研究

制备了净化车辆尾气的贵金属—稀土复合型催化剂,对该催化剂的活性进行了测试;利用所制备的催化剂在摩托车上进行了性能研究。试验结果表明,催化剂可以快速起燃,但催化活性与催化剂温度之间存在一定时间的滞后现象。将所制备的催化剂在多款车型的摩托车上进行了应用,结果表明,能使排放达到欧Ⅱ标准,而且通过了10000km的道路耐久性试验。