海运温室气体减排市场机制对班轮经营的影响

班轮运输中船舶航速快,燃油消耗费用在成本中占比高.因此,与燃油消耗量密切相关的“海运温室气体减排市场机制”的实施将使班轮运输受到的影响较其他运输方式大.为研究减排市场机制对班轮经营的影响,比较了目前在国际海事组织讨论的三类主要市场机制的运行特征,分析了它们对海运运输成本的影响途径以及因实施海运排放交易体系(METS)和国际海运温室气体基金机制(GHG FUND)而产生的碳成本.在此基础上,定量分析了集装箱班轮航线经营中不同船型、航速情景下,实施市场机制产生的碳成本随燃油价格和碳价格变化的规律.结果表明,在班轮航线上,为降低温室气体排放而降低航速,尽管使投入船舶增多,但整体营运效益得到改善.高速、大型船舶减速后带来的成本降低效应比小型、低速船舶来得大.     

基于SPSS的在用车ASM排放特性分析

介绍了在用车ASM排放特性分析,应用SPSS统计软件对3 452台次在用轻型车ASM排放检测数据进行统计分析,得出了CO,HC,NOx的排放值与行驶里程的回归公式、标准偏差及各公式的决定系数R2值;结果表明,CO,HC,NOx的排放值均随行驶里程的增加而增加,将北京地方标准中的各污染物的排放限值代入回归公式,可预测轻型汽油车排放超标对应的行驶里程。     

临时养护区CMEM模型的微观仿真参数标定

为了保证汽车尾气排放计算的准确性, 对临时养护区微观仿真模型进行参数标定。以河南许尉高速公路某临时养护区为例, 通过现场调查获取交通数据, 建立VISSIM交通仿真模型。根据实测数据对交通量与交通组成等宏观参数进行标定, 对期望速度、期望加速度采用特征点数值进行微观参数标定。利用正交试验法标定车头时距、跟车变量、进入跟车状态的阈值和振动加速度4种跟车模型参数。根据有效的仿真结果确定了期望速度与行驶速度之间的数值关系。利用有效的仿真数据结合CMEM模型进行临时养护区汽车尾气排放量计算, 得到了基于路段平均速度的尾气排放计算公式。分析结果表明: 宏观参数标定后的仿真速度与实测速度存在明显差异, 客车与货车速度的平均相对误差分别为11.36%与35.12%;结合微观参数标定后, 仿真速度与实测速度的平均相对误差均控制在3%以内, 客车与货车的期望速度分别为行驶速度的1.270、1.165倍; 仿真模型标定后的尾气排放量与实测值的相对误差均小于7%, 模型标定效果显著。     

An integrated modeling approach for facilitating emission estimations of alternative fueled vehicles

This paper develops an integrated model for reliable estimation of daily vehicle fuel savings and emissions using an integrated traffic emission modeling approach created by incorporating the US Environmental Protection Agency’s vehicle emission model, MOVES, and the PARAMICS microscopic traffic simulation package. A case study is conducted to validate the model using a well-calibrated road network in Greenville, South Carolina. For each transportation fuel considered, both emission and fuel consumption impacts are evaluated based on market shares.     

交通运输业CO_2排放区域差异及影响因素

交通运输业是CO_2排放的重要来源.根据长江经济带九省二市2005—2014年面板数据,以Theil指数为衡量指标,从人均、单位增加值、单位换算周转量碳排放3个方面测算交通运输业CO_2排放的区域差异;结合扩展的Kaya恒等式,通过LMDI分解分析交通运输业CO_2排放的影响因素.结果表明:长江经济带各省市交通运输业CO_2排放呈现较明显的不均衡分布,人均碳排放、单位换算周转量碳排放差异大于单位增加值碳排放差异;能源结构、单位增加值能耗、单位GDP换算周转量抑制CO_2排放(贡献率分别为1.72%、56.6%、41.68%),单位换算周转量增加值、人均GDP、人口促进CO_2排放(贡献率分别为7.99%、88.99%、3.02%).     

Characteristics of air pollutants at near and far field regions of a national highway located at an industrial complex

This paper presents the characterization of air quality monitored at near field region (NFR) and far field region (FFR) of a national highway located at an industrial complex. The pollutants such as PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO₂ were monitored in two campaigns (11th September to 18th October 2012 and 18th January to 17th February 2013). The 24 h average PM₁₀ concentration at NFR and FFR were found to be 86.69 ± 18.56 μg/m³; 73.16 ± 16.21 μg/m³ and 89.44 ± 18.69 μg/m³; 81.91 ± 16.42 μg/m³, respectively during first and second campaign. In both the campaigns PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO₂ concentration at NFR was higher than FFR. The chemical characterization of PM₁₀ at NFR and FFR indicated the abundance of major elements such as Na (NFR = 30% and FFR = 32%), Ca (NFR = 12% and FFR = 14%) and ions namely NO₃⁻ (NFR = 71% and FFR = 68%) and NH₃⁺ (NFR = 15% and FFR = 19%). Further, at FFR, SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻ were found to be 18% and 35% higher than NFR indicating the conversions of SO₂ and NO₂ concentration into secondary particles. The measured SO₂ and NO₂ concentrations were 23 and 21% lower at FFR when compared to NFR confirms the secondary formation.The CALPUFF, EPA regulatory model was set up to understand the dynamics of air pollutants at the industrial complex. The predicted PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO₂ concentrations at NFR and FFR were found to be 32.31 ± 1.56 μg/m³ and 31.35 ± 1.27 μg/m³; 0.37 ± 0.21 μg/m³ and 0.06 ± 0.04 μg/m³; 12.83 ± 6.55 μg/m³ and 4.67 ± 2.77 μg/m³, respectively. The model showed moderate predictions for PM₁₀ (R² = 0.44–0.52), SO₂ (R² = 0.41–0.51) and NO₂ (R² = 0.45–0.61) concentrations.     

Tailpipe emission from petrol driven passenger cars

Realizing the dominance of petrol-driven passenger cars of MUL over the fleet of cars in India, a case study of different models of petrol-driven passenger cars of Maruti reporting at an authorized service station of M/s R.K.B.K. Automobiles, Gorakhpur was taken up and the tailpipe emissions along with individual vehicle-related parameters were monitored for idle and fast idle test conditions. The outcome of the study relating to the effect of various vehicle-related parameters on CO and HC emissions of petrol-driven passenger cars of Maruti has led to the useful inferences, which can be used not only for predicting the emission of vehicles with respect to vehicle age and mileage, but also for automobile manufacturing sector to help them produce such environmentally benign petrol-driven passenger cars having long-lasting compliance of pollution control systems with respect to vehicle age and mileage of the petrol-driven passenger cars in the country.     

Comparison of particle mass and number emissions from a diesel transit bus across temporal and spatial scales

This study analyzes particle number and mass emission rates measured from the exhaust of a 2002 diesel transit bus in real-world driving conditions. The dynamics of the particle number and mass emission rates are examined at resolved temporal and spatial scales across an urban arterial, a rural arterial and a divided freeway. Time-based particle number and mass emission rates were highest on the freeway, but the distance-based particle emission rates of emission/km at “hot-spots” for exposure assessment for selected 50-m road segments occurred at intersections when the bus accelerated from a stop or traveled up high grades. Comparisons of particle mass and number emission rates between idling and acceleration indicate that unless the bus is extending idling for several minutes, public exposure to bus particle emissions near bus stops can be mainly attributed to accelerations. Generally, particle number and mass emissions rates are highly correlated both temporally and spatially. Some deviations occur because particle mass emissions are highly elevated during sustained fueling events such as traveling on high grades and during sustained accelerations, while particle number emissions are more sensitive to fuel and engine speed fluctuations.     

谈物流配送中的节能减排环节

分析节能减排对保护环境和节约配送成本的重要意义,进而得出节能减排对物流配送中路径优化的影响,并对节能减排环节进行描述和分析,便于进一步对基于节能减排的车辆路径问题进行研究,从而优化物流配送,提高国民经济水平。     

船用柴油机减少氮氧化物排放技术的研究

随着世界经济发展和人民环保意识的增强,船舶造成的大气污染引起了人们的高度重视。本文介绍了国际海事组织对MARPOL公约附则Ⅵ的修正案中关于船舶柴油机NOx排放的新规定,NOx的生成机理以及几种主要的减少NOx排放的技术,并为船用柴油机减少NOx排放指明了发展方向。