加载ORVR系统的轿车加油排放数学模型

分析不同类型车载油气回收系统(ORVR)的结构,运用传质原理,针对ORVR系统中是否安装有压力控制阀,分别建立了机械式和液封式ORVR系统的轿车加油排放模型。仿真结果表明:安装ORVR系统后,轿车加油排放量比仅安装活性炭罐装置时减少97%;采用机械式ORVR系统,由于加油管口完全密封,轿车加油排放比采用液封式的减少37%;当ORVR系统中安装压力控制阀时,轿车加油排放比未安装压力控制阀时减少8%。可见,运用ORVR技术可以有效地控制轿车加油排放,降低环境污染。     

Increase in particle number emissions from motor vehicles due to interruption of steady traffic flow

We assess the increase in particle number emissions from motor vehicles driving at steady speed when forced to stop and accelerate from rest. Considering the example of a signalized pedestrian crossing on a two-way single-lane urban road, we use a complex line source method to calculate the total emissions produced by a specific number and mix of light petrol cars and diesel passenger buses and show that the total emissions during a red light is significantly higher than during the time when the light remains green. Replacing two cars with one bus increased the emissions by over an order of magnitude.     

满足欧Ⅴ和第三阶段油耗限值的汽油机技术路线分析

为了应对环境污染和能源危机的挑战,需要探索可持续发展的汽油发动机技术路线。本文首先通过分析欧Ⅴ排放标准和第三阶段油耗限值法规,研究其相对现有法规的加严之处;然后对发动机现有技术路线进行成本和收益分析,分析其成本和对油耗排放的贡献度;最后对各种技术路线进行综合分析,使汽油机技术方案能够在同时满足欧Ⅴ和第三阶段油耗的基础上成本降到最低。得出结论:为了使汽油发动机能够满足欧Ⅴ和第三阶段油耗限值,采用主要技术如排气VVT、提高压缩比、采用电子节温器、选择低摩擦阻力的活塞环和顶柱、重新匹配标定、改良催化器、弱混技术或者增压减排量等技术,能够满足欧Ⅴ排放法规和第三阶段油耗,成本增加最小。     

Comparing carbon dioxide emissions of trucking and intermodal container transport in Taiwan

This paper examines carbon dioxide emissions of truck-only transportation using activity-based emission modelling and compares those with intermodal coastal shipping and truck movements. The results reveal that replacing long-haul truck transport with the intermodal can significantly reduce carbon dioxide emission significantly because of the efficiency of maritime fuel.     

舰艇开关电源的低频传导干扰建模与仿真

开关电源的电磁干扰是舰艇电磁兼容工程中的典型问题.针对舰艇电网上出现的低频传导干扰现象,着重探讨开关电源低频传导发射及其对电网的影响.详细分析了开关电源低频传导干扰的形成机理,并为开关电源建立了低频传导发射模型以计算电网上的低频谐波干扰.在此基础上,借助软件工具对开关电源的低频传导干扰进行模拟仿真,分析了流回到电源线上的传导发射电流以及谐波畸变情况,从而实现对开关电源低频传导干扰的数值预测.     

船舶柴油机减排新形势与技术发展

重点介绍了近年来船舶排放法规的变化、船舶柴油机排放控制技术的发展趋势以及超低排放船舶柴油机研究的最新进展。     

Neural localization of acoustic emission sources in ship hulls

In this paper a radial-basis-function neural network is used to localize acoustic emission events in ship hulls. It is shown that using a tiny network configuration and a small set of robust features, selected automatically by the K-means algorithm from a superset of 90 signal parameters, the location of a single event can be classified efficiently into three typical areas found in ship hulls. In simulation experiments, where a stiffened plate model is partially sunk into the water, the localization rate of acoustic emission events in a noise-free environment is 100% using four sensors and only four features per sensor. In the proposed method, the feature set is adapted and estimated automatically in cases of noisy environments. Robust acoustic emission localization rates, greater than 90%, are achieved using less than ten features per sensor in case of additive white Gaussian noise at 0 dB SNR or more.     

低碳视角下绿色交通发展路径与政策研究

为给我国绿色交通规划目标和管理政策的制定提供决策支撑,在低碳视角下,设置面向2030 年和2050 年的基准情景、强化减排及2℃近零排放三种情景,分析不同情景下交通运输碳排放的变化趋势。研究结果表明：（1）交通运输CO2排放总量呈快速增长趋势,只有采取强有力的政策和手段,才有可能在2030 年前后使碳排放达到峰值;（2）推动交通能源系统的清洁化和低碳化,加快运输结构调整,提高运输组织效率应是行业绿色低碳发展的重点关注方向;（3）技术进步是推动减排的核心手段之一;（4）要转变消费观,推动绿色低碳交通的生产生活方式。     

缓解城市交通拥堵的CO2减排效益评估方法研究

城市交通拥堵是导致城市交通碳排放快速增长的重要原因. 分析影响城市交通碳排放的关键因素,收集现有碳排放因子,开展车辆排放测试,建立不同道路类型和服务水平的城市交通碳排放因子数据库. 对ASIF 方法进行改进,基于城市交通拥堵的分类方法,提出中观尺度的城市交通缓堵减排效益评估方法和模型. 以成都市为例,开展城市调研、数据采集与分析、模型运算,评估成都全年城市交通的碳排放总量,其中,交通拥堵的碳排放占48.2%. 设置4种正向减排发展情景和3种反向恶化发展情景,分析不同情景下的碳排放效果.     

Incremental costs for reduction of air pollution from ships: a case study on North European emission control area

In addition to sulphur oxides control, the North and the Baltic Seas have recently been designated as nitrogen oxides control area. Amidst ongoing developments in energy markets and international trade, shipowners have to develop cost-efficient strategies to comply with the new regulation. This study creates and tests a model calculating the incremental costs of abating NO_x and SO_x emissions under MARPOL Annex VI regulations for the following methods: SCR, HAM and internal engine modifications, marine gas oil, wet scrubbers, and liquefied natural gas propulsion. The model is tested empirically on a broad sample of 244 ships from the Swedish Commercial Fleet database for different operating contexts and fuel prices. Individual ship emission reductions and incremental abatement costs are calculated and the results are presented for the entire studied sample and per ship type class.

The study also explores the sensitivity of the chosen abatement methods to cost determinants and to main engine time operation under the light of economic performance and cost-efficiency. The results of the study aim to contribute to company abatement strategy.